1. Han, BH, Sherman, S, Mauro, PM, Martins, SS, Rotenberg, J, Palamar, JJ. Demographic trends among older cannabis users in the United States, 2006-13. Addiction. 2017;112(3):516–525.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Ahmed, A, van der Marck, MA, van den Elsen, G, Olde Rikkert, M. Cannabinoids in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;97(6):597–606.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline3. Beauchet, O . Medical cannabis use in older patients: update on medical knowledge. Maturitas. 2018;118:56–59.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Kroon, E, Kuhns, L, Cousijn, J. The short-term and long-term effects of cannabis on cognition: recent advances in the field. Curr Opin Psychol. 2021;38:49–55.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Crean, RD, Crane, NA, Mason, BJ. An evidence-based review of acute and long-term effects of cannabis use on executive cognitive functions. J Addict Med. 2011;5(1):1–8.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI6. Schoeler, T, Bhattacharyya, S. The effect of cannabis use on memory function: an update. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2013;4:11–27.
Google Scholar | Medline7. Auer, R, Vittinghoff, E, Yaffe, K, et al. Association between lifetime marijuana use and cognitive function in middle age: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(3):352–361.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Sznitman, SR, Vulfsons, S, Meiri, D, Weinstein, G. Medical cannabis and cognitive performance in middle to old adults treated for chronic pain. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2021;40(2):272–280.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Wolfe, D, Corace, K, Rice, D, et al. Effects of medical and non-medical cannabis use in older adults: protocol for a scoping review. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e034301.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Minerbi, A, Häuser, W, Fitzcharles, M. Medical cannabis for older patients. Drugs Aging. 2019;36:39.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Gruber, SA, Sagar, KA, Dahlgren, MK, Racine, MT, Smith, RT, Lukas, SE. Splendor in the grass? A pilot study assessing the impact of medical marijuana on executive function. Front Pharmacol. 2016;7:355–355.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Gruber, SA, Sagar, KA, Dahlgren, MK, et al. The grass might be greener: medical marijuana patients exhibit altered brain activity and improved executive function after 3 months of treatment. Front Pharmacol. 2017;2018;8:983–983.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Turna, J, Balodis, I, Munn, C, Van Ameringen, M, Busse, J, MacKillop, J. Overlapping patterns of recreational and medical cannabis use in a large community sample of cannabis users. Compr Psychiatry. 2020;102:152188–152188.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Thayer, RE, YorkWilliams, SL, Hutchison, KE, Bryan, AD. Preliminary results from a pilot study examining brain structure in older adult cannabis users and nonusers. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2019;285:58–63.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Babor, TF, Higgins-Biddle, JC, Saunders, JB, Monteiro, MG. AUDIT-The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. 2nd ed. World Health Organization; 2001.
Google Scholar16. Beck, AT, Steer, RA, Brown, GK. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Corporation; 1996.
Google Scholar17. Beck, AT . Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1990.
Google Scholar18. Gross, JJ, John, OP. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;85(2):348–362.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI19. Robinson, SM, Sobell, LC, Sobell, MB, Leo, GI. Reliability of the timeline followback for cocaine, cannabis, and cigarette use. Psychol Addict Behav. 2014;28(1):154–162.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Lozano, BE, Stephens, RS, Roffman, RA. Abstinence and moderate use goals in the treatment of marijuana dependence. Addiction. 2006;101(11):1589–1597.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Benschop, A, Liebregts, N, van der Pol, P, et al. Reliability and validity of the marijuana motives measure among young adult frequent cannabis users and associations with cannabis dependence. Addict Behav. 2015;40:91–95.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Gershon, RC, Wagster, MV, Hendrie, HC, Fox, NA, Cook, KF, Nowinski, CJ. NIH toolbox for assessment of neurological and behavioral function. Neurology. 2013;80(11 Suppl 3):S2–6.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI23. ElSohly, MA, Mehmedic, Z, Foster, S, Gon, C, Chandra, S, Church, JC. Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995-2014): analysis of current data in the United States. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79(7):613–619.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Vergara, D, Bidwell, LC, Gaudino, R, et al. Compromised external validity: federally produced cannabis does not reflect legal markets. Sci Rep. 2017;7:46528.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Lezak, MD, Howieson, DB, Bigler, ED, Tranel, D. Neuropsychological Assessment. 5th ed. Oxford University Press; 2012.
Google Scholar26. Broyd, SJ, van Hell, HH, Beale, C, Yucel, M, Solowij, N. Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human cognition: a systematic review. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79(7):557–567.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Daly, M, McMinn, D, Allan, JL. A bidirectional relationship between physical activity and executive function in older adults. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;2014;8:1044–1044.
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI28. Gross, AL, Xue, Q, Bandeen-Roche, K, et al. Declines and impairment in executive function predict onset of physical frailty. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71:1624–1630.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Wadley, VG, Bull, TP, Zhang, Y, et al. Cognitive processing speed is strongly related to driving skills, financial abilities, and other instrumental activities of daily living in persons with MCI and mild dementia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2021;76(10):1829-1838. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaa312.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline30. Razani, J, Casas, R, Wong, JT, Lu, P, Alessi, C, Josephson, K. Relationship between executive functioning and activities of daily living in patients with relatively mild dementia. Appl Neuropsychol. 2007;14:208–214.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Harada, CN, Natelson Love, MC, Triebel, KL. Normal cognitive aging. Clin Geriatr Med. 2013;29:737.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI32. Blest-Hopley, G, Colizzi, M, Giampietro, V, Bhattacharyya, S. Is the adolescent brain at greater vulnerability to the effects of cannabis? A narrative review of the evidence. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:859.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Kanayama, G, Rogowska, J, Pope, HG, Gruber, SA, Yurgelun-Todd, DA. Spatial working memory in heavy cannabis users: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychopharmacol. 2004;176:239–247.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI34. Pliatsikas, C, Veríssimo, J, Babcock, L, et al. Working memory in older adults declines with age, but is modulated by sex and education. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2019;72:1308–1327.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI35. Matysiak, O, Kroemeke, A, Brzezicka, A. Working memory capacity as a predictor of cognitive training efficacy in the elderly population. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:126.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline36. Andreou, G, Vlachos, F, Makanikas, K. Effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea on cognitive functions: evidence for a common nature. Sleep Disord. 2014;2014:768210.
Google Scholar37. Sitren, A, Vallila-Rohter, S. How well do we use our technology? Examining iPad navigation skills in individuals with aphasia and older adults. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2019;28:1523–1536.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline38. Bobitt, J, Qualls, SH, Schuchman, M, Wickersham, R, Lum, HD, Arora, K, Milavetz, G, Kaskie, B. Qualitative analysis of cannabis use among older adults in Colorado. Drugs Aging. 2019;36(7):655–666.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline39. Colizzi, M, Bhattacharyya, S. Does cannabis composition matter? Differential effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on human cognition. Curr Addict Rep. 2017;4(2):62–74.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline