1. Seah D, De Cruz P. Review article: the practical management of acute severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016;43:482–513.

2. Jackson BD, Con D, De Cruz P. Design considerations for an eHealth decision support tool in inflammatory bowel disease self-management. Intern Med J 2018;48:674–681.

3. Fukuda T, Naganuma M, Kanai T. Current new challenges in the management of ulcerative colitis. Intest Res 2019;17:36–44.

4. Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; final report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J 1955;2:1041–1048.

5. Levy LC, Coburn ES, Choi S, Holubar SD. The management of the hospitalized ulcerative colitis patient: the medical-surgical conundrum. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2020;36:265–276.

6. Verdon C, Bessissow T, Lakatos PL. Management of acute severe colitis in the era of biologicals and small molecules. J Clin Med 2019;8:2169.

7. Oh SJ, Shin GY, Soh H, et al. Long-term outcomes of infliximab in a real-world multicenter cohort of patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis. Intest Res 2020;Aug 18 [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2020.00039.

8. Aratari A, Papi C, Clemente V, et al. Colectomy rate in acute severe ulcerative colitis in the infliximab era. Dig Liver Dis 2008;40:821–826.

9. Gustavsson A, Järnerot G, Hertervig E, et al. Clinical trial: colectomy after rescue therapy in ulcerative colitis: 3-year follow-up of the Swedish-Danish controlled infliximab study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:984–989.

10. Laharie D, Bourreille A, Branche J, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with steroid-refractory acute severe UC treated with ciclosporin or infliximab. Gut 2018;67:237–243.

11. Solberg IC, Lygren I, Jahnsen J, et al. Clinical course during the first 10 years of ulcerative colitis: results from a population-based inception cohort (IBSEN Study). Scand J Gastroenterol 2009;44:431–440.

12. Bernardo S, Fernandes SR, Gonçalves AR, et al. Predicting the course of disease in hospitalized patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019;25:541–546.

13. Denson LA, Curran M, McGovern DP, et al. Challenges in IBD research: precision medicine. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019;25(Suppl 2): S31–S39.

14. Li Wai Suen CF, Choy MC, De Cruz P. Letter: infliximab induction regimens in steroid-refractory acute severe colitis-a propensity score analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020;51:665–666.

15. Choy MC, Seah D, Gorelik A, et al. Predicting response after infliximab salvage in acute severe ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;33:1347–1352.

16. Battat R, Hemperly A, Truong S, et al. Baseline clearance of infliximab is associated with requirement for colectomy in patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;Apr 26 [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2020.03.072. 17. Honig G, Heller C, Hurtado-Lorenzo A. Defining the path forward for biomarkers to address unmet needs in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020;26:1451–1462.

18. Porter AC, Aubrecht J, Birch C, et al. Biomarkers of Crohn’s disease to support the development of new therapeutic interventions. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020;26:1498–1508.

19. Bertani L, Rossari F, Barberio B, et al. Novel prognostic biomarkers of mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis patients treated with anti-TNF: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020;26:1579–1587.

20. Jeong Y, Jeon SR, Kim HG, et al. The role of platelet to lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in ulcerative colitis. Intest Res 2021;19:62–70.

21. Okugawa Y, Toiyama Y, Yamamoto A, et al. Lymphocyte-C-reactive protein ratio as promising new marker for predicting surgical and oncological outcomes in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 2020;272:342–351.

22. Ho GT, Mowat C, Goddard CJ, et al. Predicting the outcome of severe ulcerative colitis: development of a novel risk score to aid early selection of patients for second-line medical therapy or surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:1079–1087.

23. Travis SP, Farrant JM, Ricketts C, et al. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut 1996;38:905–910.

24. Lindgren SC, Flood LM, Kilander AF, Löfberg R, Persson TB, Sjödahl RI. Early predictors of glucocorticosteroid treatment failure in severe and moderately severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;10:831–835.

25. Järnerot G, Hertervig E, Friis-Liby I, et al. Infliximab as rescue therapy in severe to moderately severe ulcerative colitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 2005;128:1805–1811.

26. Con D, Parthasarathy N, Bishara M, et al. Development of a simple, serum biomarker-based model predictive of the need for early biologic therapy in Crohn’s disease. J Crohns Colitis 2020;Sep 19 [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa194. 27. Sands BE, Sandborn WJ, Panaccione R, et al. Ustekinumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2019;381:1201–1214.

28. Sands BE, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Loftus EV Jr, et al. Vedolizumab versus adalimumab for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2019;381:1215–1226.

29. Deepak P, Alayo QA, Khatiwada A, et al. Safety of tofacitinib in a real-world cohort of patients with ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;Jul 3 [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2020.06.050. 30. Hibi T, Kamae I, Pinton P, et al. Efficacy of biologic therapies for biologic-naïve Japanese patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: a network meta-analysis. Intest Res 2021;19:53–61.

31. Kotwani P, Terdiman J, Lewin S. Tofacitinib for rescue therapy in acute severe ulcerative colitis: a real-world experience. J Crohns Colitis 2020;14:1026–1028.

32. Weisshof R, Ollech JE, El Jurdi K, et al. Ciclosporin therapy after infliximab failure in hospitalized patients with acute severe colitis is effective and safe. J Crohns Colitis 2019;13:1105–1110.

33. Seah D, Choy MC, Gorelik A, et al. Examining maintenance care following infliximab salvage therapy for acute severe ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;33:226–231.

34. Vasudevan A, Arachchi A, Scanlon C, Greenhalgh J, Van Langenberg DR. A comparison of long-term healthcare utilization and costs in patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis receiving infliximab versus early colectomy. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2019;10:2040622319825595.

35. Jackson B, Con D, Ma R, Gorelik A, Liew D, De Cruz P. Health care costs associated with Australian tertiary inflammatory bowel disease care. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017;52:851–856.

36. Soufleris K, Kafalis N, Charalampidis M, et al. P426 Lympocytosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with anti-TNFa agents: is it significant? J Crohns Colitis 2019;13(Suppl_1): S322. 37. Aeberli D, Seitz M, Jüni P, Villiger PM. Increase of peripheral CXCR3 positive T lymphocytes upon treatment of RA patients with TNF-alpha inhibitors. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005;44:172–175.

38. Fasanmade AA, Adedokun OJ, Olson A, Strauss R, Davis HM. Serum albumin concentration: a predictive factor of infliximab pharmacokinetics and clinical response in patients with ulcerative colitis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010;48:297–308.

39. Syal G, Robbins L, Kashani A, et al. Hypoalbuminemia and bandemia predict failure of infliximab rescue therapy in acute severe ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2021;66:199–205.

40. Beswick L, Rosella O, Rosella G, et al. Exploration of predictive biomarkers of early infliximab response in acute severe colitis: a prospective pilot study. J Crohns Colitis 2018;12:289–297.

41. Sebastian S, Myers S, Argyriou K, et al. Infliximab induction regimens in steroid-refractory acute severe colitis: a multicentre retrospective cohort study with propensity score analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019;50:675–683.

42. Nalagatla N, Falloon K, Tran G, et al. Effect of accelerated infliximab induction on short- and long-term outcomes of acute severe ulcerative colitis: a retrospective multicenter study and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;17:502–509.

43. Con D, Jackson B, Gray K, De Cruz P. eHealth for inflammatory bowel disease self-management: the patient perspective. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017;52:973–980.

44. Dubinsky MC. Reviewing treatments and outcomes in the evolving landscape of ulcerative colitis. Postgrad Med 2017;129:538–553.