Remember me
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer Statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:7–33. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21654.
2.•Sepulveda AR, Hamilton SR, Allegra CJ, Grody W, Cushman-Vokoun AM, Funkhouser WK, et al. Molecular biomarkers for the evaluation of colorectal cancer: guideline from the American Society for Clinical Pathology, College of American Pathologists, Association for Molecular Pathology, and American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Mol Diagnostics. 2017;19:187–225. This is a Consortium guideline for biomarker testing in Colorectal Cancer which was developed by the American Society of Clinical Pathology (ASCP), College of American Pathologists (CAP), Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), and American Society for Clinical Oncology (ASCO).
3.Wells A. EGF receptor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1999;31:637–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1357-2725(99)00015-1.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
4.Seshacharyulu P, Ponnusamy MP, Haridas D, Jain M, Ganti AK, Batra SK. Targeting the EGFR signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2012;16:15–31.
5.Yarden Y. The EGFR family and its ligands in human cancer: signalling mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00230-1.
6.Molina JR, Adjei AA. The Ras/Raf/MAPK Pathway. J Thorac Oncol. 2006;1:7–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1556-0864(15)31506-9.
7.El Zouhairi M, Charabaty A, Pishvaian MJ. Molecularly targeted therapy for metastatic colon cancer: proven treatments and promising new agents. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2011;4:15–21.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
8.Krasinskas AM. EGFR signaling in colorectal carcinoma. Pathol Res Int. 2011;2011:1–6. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/932932.
9.De Roock W, Claes B, Bernasconi D, De Schutter J, Biesmans B, Fountzilas G, et al. Effects of KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA mutations on the efficacy of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a retrospective consortium analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:753–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70130-3.
10.Karapetis CS, Khambata-Ford S, Jonker DJ, O’Callaghan CJ, Tu D, Tebbutt NC, et al. K-ras Mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1757–65. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa0804385.
11.Cercek A, Braghiroli MI, Chou JF, Hechtman JF, Kemeny N, Saltz L, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of patients with colorectal cancers harboring NRAS mutations. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23:4753–60. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-0400.
12.Del Vecchio F, Mastroiaco V, Di Marco A, Compagnoni C, Capece D, Zazzeroni F, et al. Next-generation sequencing: recent applications to the analysis of colorectal cancer. J Transl Med. 2017;15:246. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-017-1353-y.
13.Semrad TJ, Kim EJ. Molecular testing to optimize therapeutic decision making in advanced colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2016;7:S11–20.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
14.Monzon FA, Ogino S, Hammond MEH, Halling KC, Bloom KJ, Nikiforova MN. The role of KRAS mutation testing in the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009;133:1600–6.
15.García-Foncillas J, Sunakawa Y, Aderka D, Wainberg Z, Ronga P, Witzler P, et al. Distinguishing features of cetuximab and panitumumab in colorectal cancer and other solid tumors. Front Oncol. 2019;9:849.
16.Jonker DJ, O’Callaghan CJ, Karapetis CS, Zalcberg JR, Tu D, Au H-J, et al. Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2040–8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa071834.
17.Cunningham D, Humblet Y, Siena S, Khayat D, Bleiberg H, Santoro A, et al. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:337–45. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa033025.
18.Van Cutsem E, Peeters M, Siena S, Humblet Y, Hendlisz A, Neyns B, et al. Open-label phase III trial of panitumumab plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone in patients with chemotherapy- refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1658–64. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.08.1620.
19.••Amado RG, Wolf M, Peeters M, Van Cutsem E, Siena S, Freeman DJ, et al. Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1626–34. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.14.7116. This was the first study to report the relationship between KRAS mutations and anti-EGFR therapy.
20.André T, Blons H, Mabro M, Chibaudel B, Bachet JB, Tournigand C, et al. Panitumumab combined with irinotecan for patients with KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to standard chemotherapy: a GERCOR efficacy, tolerance, and translational molecular study. Ann Oncol. 2013;24:412–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mds465.
21.Sobrero AF, Maurel J, Fehrenbacher L, Scheithauer W, Abubakr YA, Lutz MP, et al. EPIC: Phase III trial of cetuximab plus irinotecan after fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin failure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2311–9. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.13.1193.
22.Peeters M, Price TJ, Cervantes A, Sobrero AF, Ducreux M, Hotko Y, et al. Randomized phase III study of panitumumab with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) compared with FOLFIRI alone as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4706–13. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.27.6055.
23.Seymour MT, Brown SR, Middleton G, Maughan T, Richman S, Gwyther S, et al. Panitumumab and irinotecan versus irinotecan alone for patients with KRAS wild-type, fluorouracil-resistant advanced colorectal cancer (PICCOLO): a prospectively stratified randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:749–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70163-3.
24.Cartwright T, Kuefler P, Cohn A, Hyman W, Berger M, Richards D, et al. Results of a phase II trial of cetuximab plus capecitabine/irinotecan as first-line therapy for patients with advanced and/or metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2008;7:390–7. https://doi.org/10.3816/CCC.2008.n.052.
25.Berlin J, Posey J, Tchekmedyian S, Hu E, Chan D, Malik I, et al. Panitumumab with irinotecan/leucovorin/5-fluorouracil for first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2007;6:427–32. https://doi.org/10.3816/CCC.2007.n.011.
26.Köhne CH, Hofheinz R, Mineur L, Letocha H, Greil R, Thaler J, et al. First-line panitumumab plus irinotecan/5-Xuorouracil/leucovorin treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2012;138:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-011-1061-6.
27.Bokemeyer C, Bondarenko I, Makhson A, et al. Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin with and without cetuximab in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:663–671. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.20.8397.
28.Van Cutsem E, Köhne C-H, Hitre E, Zaluski J, Chang Chien C-R, Makhson A, et al. Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1408–17. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa0805019.
29.••Douillard JY, Siena S, Cassidy J, Tabernero J, Burkes R, Barugel M, et al. Randomized, Phase III trial of panitumumab with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) versus FOLFOX4 alone as first-line treatment in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer: the PRIME study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4697–705. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.27.4860. This was the first study to report establishing role for extended RAS mutations.
30.Maughan TS, Adams RA, Smith CG, Meade AM, Seymour MT, Wilson RH, et al. Addition of cetuximab to oxaliplatin-based first-line combination chemotherapy for treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: results of the randomised phase 3 MRC COIN trial. Lancet. 2011;377:2103–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60613-2.
31.Tveit KM, Guren T, Glimelius B, Pfeiffer P, Sorbye H, Pyrhonen S, et al. Phase III trial of cetuximab with continuous or intermittent fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (Nordic FLOX) versus FLOX alone in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: the NORDIC-VII study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1755–62. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.38.0915.
32.Heinemann V, von Weikersthal LF, Decker T, Kiani A, Vehling-Kaiser U, Al-Batran S-E, et al. FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (FIRE-3): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(10):1065–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70330-4.
33.Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Lenz HJ, Innocenti F, Fruth B, Meyerhardt JA, et al. Effect of first-line chemotherapy combined with cetuximab or bevacizumab on overall survival in patients with KRAS wild-type advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer a randomized clinical trial. JAMA - J. Am Med Assoc. 2017;317:2392–401. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.7105.
34.Qin S, Li J, Wang L, Xu J, Cheng Y, Bai Y, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of first-line cetuximab plus leucovorin, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX-4) versus FOLFOX-4 in patientswith RASwild-typemetastatic colorectal cancer: The open-label, randomized, phase III TAILOR trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:3031–9. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2018.78.3183.
35.Al-Shamsi HO, Alhazzani W, Wolff RA. Extended RAS testing in metastatic colorectal cancer-refining the predictive molecular biomarkers. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2015;6:314–21.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
36.Alberts SR, Sargent DJ, Nair S, Mahoney MR, Mooney M, Thibodeau SN, et al. Effect of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin with or without cetuximab on survival among patients with resected stage III colon cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2012;307:1383–93. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.385.
37.Taieb J, Balogoun R, Le Malicot K, Tabernero J, Mini E, Folprecht G, et al. Adjuvant FOLFOX +/- cetuximab in full RAS and BRAF wildtype stage III colon cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2017;28:824–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdw687.
38.Folprecht G, Gruenberger T, Bechstein W, Raab HR, Weitz J, Lordick F, et al. Survival of patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases treated with FOLFOX/cetuximab or FOLFIRI/cetuximab in a multidisciplinary concept (CELIM study). Ann Oncol. 2014;25:1018–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu088.
39.Modest DP, Martens UM, Riera-Knorrenschild J, Greeve J, Florschütz A, Wessendorf S, et al. FOLFOXIRI plus panitumumab as first-line treatment of RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: the randomized, open-label, phase II Volfi study (AIO KRK0109). J Clin Oncol. 2019;37:3401–11. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.01340.
40.Petrelli F, Barni S. Resectability and outcome with anti-EGFR agents in patients with KRAS wild-type colorectal liver-limited metastases: a meta-analysis. Int J Color Dis. 2012;27:997–1004.
41.Bridgewater JA, Pugh SA, Maishman T, Eminton Z, Mellor J, Whitehead A, et al. Systemic chemotherapy with or without cetuximab in patients with resectable colorectal liver metastasis (New EPOC): long-term results of a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:398–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30798-3.
42.Gholami S, Grothey A. EGFR antibodies in resectable metastatic colorectal liver metastasis: more harm than benefit? Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:324–6.
43.Bokemeyer C, Van Cutsem E, Rougier P, Ciardiello F, Heeger S, Schlichting M, et al. Addition of cetuximab to chemotherapy as first-line treatment for KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: pooled analysis of the CRYSTAL and OPUS randomised clinical trials. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:1466–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2012.02.057.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
44.Di Nicolantonio F, Martini M, Molinari F, Sartore-Bianchi A, Arena S, Saletti P, et al. Wild-type BRAF is required for response to panitumumab or cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:5705–12. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.18.0786.
45.Dhillon AS, Hagan S, Rath O, Kolch W. MAP kinase signalling pathways in cancer. Oncogene. 2007;26:3279–90.
46.Chen W, Frankel WL. A practical guide to biomarkers for the evaluation of colorectal cancer. Mod Pathol. 2019;32:1–15.
47.Yaeger R, Chatila WK, Lipsyc MD, Hechtman JF, Cercek A, Sanchez-Vega F, et al. Clinical sequencing defines the genomic landscape of metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell. 2018;33:125–136.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2017.12.004.
48.Schirripa M, Biason P, Lonardi S, Pella N, Simona Pino M, Urbano F, et al. Class 1, 2, and 3 BRAF-mutated metastatic colorectal cancer: a detailed clinical, pathologic, and molecular characterization. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25:3954–61. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-0311.
49.Jones JC, Renfro LA, Al-Shamsi HO, Schrock AB, Rankin A, Zhang BY, et al. Non-V600BRAF mutations define a clinically distinct molecular subtype of metastatic colorectal cancer. In Proceedings of the Journal of Clinical Oncology. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2017;35:2624–30.
50.Sanchez JN, Wang T, Cohen MS. BRAF and MEK inhibitors: use and resistance in BRAF-mutated cancers. Drugs. 2018;78:549–66.
51.Falchook GS, Long GV, Kurzrock R, Kim KB, Arkenau TH, Brown MP, et al. Dabrafenib in patients with melanoma, untreated brain metastases, and other solid tumours: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Lancet. 2012;379:1893–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60398-5.
52.Kopetz S, Desai J, Chan E, Hecht JR, O’Dwyer PJ, Maru D, et al. Phase II pilot study of vemurafenib in patients with metastatic BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:4032–8. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.63.2497.
53.Yaeger R, Cercek A, O’Reilly EM, Reidy DL, Kemeny N, Wolinsky T, et al. Pilot trial of combined BRAF and EGFR inhibition in BRAF-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:1313–20. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2779.
54.Hong DS, Morris VK, El Osta B, Sorokin AV, Janku F, Fu S, et al. Phase IB study of vemurafenib in combination with irinotecan and cetuximab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer with BRAFV600E mutation. Cancer Discov. 2016;6:1352–65. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-0050.
55.Kopetz S, McDonough SL, Morris VK, Lenz H-J, Magliocco AM, Atreya CE, et al. Randomized trial of irinotecan and cetuximab with or without vemurafenib in BRAF -mutant metastatic colorectal cancer (SWOG 1406). J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:520–0. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.4_suppl.520.
56.Kopetz S, Grothey A, Yaeger R, Van Cutsem E, Desai J, Yoshino T, et al. Encorafenib, binimetinib, and cetuximab in BRAF V600E–mutated colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1632–43. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1908075.
57.Kopetz S, Grothey A, Van Cutsem E, Yaeger R, Wasan HS, Yoshino T, et al. Encorafenib plus cetuximab with or without binimetinib for BRAF V600E metastatic colorectal cancer: updated survival results from a randomized, three-arm, phase III study versus choice of either irinotecan or FOLFIRI plus cetuximab (BEACON CRC). J Clin Oncol. 2020;38:4001–1. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.4001.
58.FDA approves encorafenib in combination with cetuximab for metastatic colorectal cancer with a BRAF V600E mutation | FDA Available online: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-encorafenib-combination-cetuximab-metastatic-colorectal-cancer-braf-v600e-mutation (accessed on Mar 11, 2021).
59.Grothey, A.; Fakih, M.; Tabernero, J. Management of BRAF-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer: a review of treatment options and evidence-based guidelines. Ann Oncol 2021, 0, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2021.03.206.
60.Grothey A, Tabernero J, Taieb J, Yaeger R, Yoshino T, Maiello E, et al. LBA-5 ANCHOR CRC: a single-arm, phase 2 study of encorafenib, binimetinib plus cetuximab in previously untreated BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2020;31:S242–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.04.080.
61.BRAF V600E-mutant Colorectal Cancer Study of Encorafenib Taken With Cetuximab Plus or Minus Chemotherapy (BREAKWATER) - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04607421 (accessed on Apr 11, 2021).
62.Moretto R, Cremolini C, Rossini D, Pietrantonio F, Battaglin F, Mennitto A, et al. Location of primary tumor and benefit from anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies in patients with RAS and BRAF wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncologist. 2016;21:988–94. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0084.
63.Arnold D, Lueza B, Douillard JY, Peeters M, Lenz HJ, Venook A, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of primary tumour side in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer treated with chemotherapy and EGFR directed antibodies in six randomized trials. Ann Oncol. 2017;28:1713–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx175.
64.Holch JW, Ricard I, Stintzing S, Modest DP, Heinemann V. The relevance of primary tumour location in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of first-line clinical trials. Eur J Cancer. 2017;70:87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.10.007.
65.Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Innocenti F, Fruth B, Greene C, O’Neil BH, et al. Impact of primary (1o) tumor location on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): analysis of CALGB/SWOG 80405 (Alliance). J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:3504–4. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.15_suppl.3504.
66.Aaltonen LA, Peltomaki P, Leach FS, Sistonen P, Pylkkanen L, Mecklin JP, Jarvinen H, Powell SM, Jen J, Hamilton SR, et al. Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science. 1993;260:812–816. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8484121.
67.Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, Shibata D, Perucho M. Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis. Nature. 1993;363:558–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/363558a0.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
68.Koopman M, Kortman GAM, Mekenkamp L, Ligtenberg MJL, Hoogerbrugge N, Antonini NF, et al. Deficient mismatch repair system in patients with sporadic advanced colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2009;100:266–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604867.
69.Shukla N, Abrha A, Longacre TA, Koff R, Ford JM, Fisher GA, et al. Prevalence and molecular etiology of mismatch repair deficiency among gastrointestinal cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37:215–5. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.4_suppl.215.
70.Oliveira AF, Bretes L, Furtado I. Review of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in metastatic dMMR/MSI-H colorectal cancer. Front Oncol. 2019;9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00396.
71.Venderbosch S, Nagtegaal ID, Maughan TS, Smith CG, Cheadle JP, Fisher D, et al. Mismatch repair status and BRAF mutation status in metastatic colorectal cancer patients: a pooled analysis of the CAIRO, CAIRO2, COIN, and FOCUS studies. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20:5322–30. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0332.
72.Rubenstein JH, Enns R, Heidelbaugh J, Barkun A, Adams MA, Dorn SD, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the diagnosis and management of Lynch syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:777–82. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.036.
73.Le DT, Uram JN, Wang H, Bartlett BR, Kemberling H, Eyring AD, et al. PD-1 blockade in tumors with mismatch-repair deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2509–20. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1500596.
74.Llosa NJ, Cruise M, Tam A, Wicks EC, Hechenbleikner EM, Taube JM, et al. The vigorous immune microenvironment of microsatellite instable colon cancer is balanced by multiple counter-inhibitory checkpoints. Cancer Discov. 2015;5:43–51. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-14-0863.
75.Shulman K, Barnett-Griness O, Friedman V, Greenson JK, Gruber SB, Lejbkowicz F, et al. Outcomes of chemotherapy for microsatellite instable–high metastatic colorectal cancers. JCO Precis Oncol. 2018:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1200/PO.17.00253.
76.Roth AD, Tejpar S, Delorenzi M, Yan P, Fiocca R, Klingbiel D, et al. Prognostic role of KRAS and BRAF in stage II and III resected colon cancer: results of the translational study on the PETACC-3, EORTC 40993, SAKK 60-00 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:466–74. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.23.3452.
77.Bertagnolli MM, Redston M, Compton CC, Niedzwiecki D, Mayer RJ, Goldberg RM, et al. Microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity at chromosomal location 18q: pospective evaluation of biomarkers for stages II and III colon cancer - a study of CALGB 9581 and 89803. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3153–62. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.33.0092.
78.Hutchins G, Southward K, Handley K, Magill L, Beaumont C, Stahlschmidt J, et al. Value of mismatch repair, KRAS, and BRAF mutations in predicting recurrence and benefits from chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1261–70. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.30.1366.
79.Sargent DJ, Marsoni S, Monges G, Thibodeau SN, Labianca R, Hamilton SR, et al. Defective mismatch repair as a predictive marker for lack of efficacy of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy in colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3219–26. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.27.1825.
80.Ribic CM, Sargent DJ, Moore MJ, Thibodeau SN, French AJ, Goldberg RM, et al. Tumor microsatellite-instability status as a predictor of benefit from fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:247–57. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa022289.
81.Klingbiel D, Saridaki Z, Roth AD, Bosman FT, Delorenzi M, Tejpar S. Prognosis of stage II and III colon cancer treated with adjuvant 5-fluorouracil or FOLFIRI in relation to microsatellite status: results of the PETACC-3 trial. Ann Oncol. 2015;26:126–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu499.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
82.FDA approves first cancer treatment for any solid tumor with a specific genetic feature | FDA Available online: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-cancer-treatment-any-solid-tumor-specific-genetic-feature (accessed on Apr 11, 2021).
83.•Le DT, Kim TW, van Cutsem E, Geva R, Jäger D, Hara H, et al. Phase II open-label study of pembrolizumab in treatment-refractory, microsatellite instability–high/mismatch repair–deficient metastatic colorectal cancer: KEYNOTE-164. In Proceedings of the Journal of Clinical Oncology; American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2020;38:11–9. This was the first study to report of dMMR predictive marker of response to immune checkpoint inhibition.
84.Overman MJ, Lonardi S, Wong KYM, Lenz HJ, Gelsomino F, Aglietta M, et al. Durable clinical benefit with nivolumab plus ipilimumab in DNA mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:773–9. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.76.9901.
Comments (0)