American Association of Nurse Anesthetists. (2021). Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 16, 2021 from https://www.aana.com/membership/become-a-crna/crna-fact-sheet

Andrilla C.H.A. Patterson D.G. Garberson L.A. Coulthard C. Larson E.H

Geographic variation in the supply of selected behavioral health providers.

American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 54 ()https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.004Auerbach D. Buerhaus P. Staiger D.

Implications of the rapid growth of the nurse practitioner workforce in the US.

Health Affairs. 39: 273-279https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00686

Nurse practitioners’ job satisfaction in rural versus nonrural areas.

Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. 28: 471-478https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12362Barnes H. Richards M.R. McHugh M.D. Martsolf G.

Rural and nonrural primary care physician practices increasingly rely on nurse practitioners.

Health Affairs. 37: 908-914

Becker's Ambulatory Surgical Center Review. (2017). 17 States Opting Out of the Physician Supervision of Anesthesia Rule. Retrieved November 9 from https://www.beckersasc.com/anesthesia/17-states-opting-out-of-the-physician-supervision-of-anesthesia-rule.html

Bolin J.N. Bellamy G.R. Ferdinand A.O. Vuong A.M. Kash B.A. Schulze A. Helduser J.W.

Rural Healthy People 2020: New decade, same challenges.

The Journal of Rural Health. 31: 326-333https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12116Brooks R.G. Walsh M. Mardon R.E. Lewis M. Clawson A.

The roles of nature and nurture in the recruitment and retention of primary care physicians in rural areas: A review of the literature.

Academic Medicine. 77 (): 790-798

Buerhaus, P. (2018). Nurse practitioners: A solution to America's primary care crisis. http://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Nurse-practitioners.pdf

Buerhaus P. Perloff J. Clarke S. O'Reilly-Jacob M. Zolotusky G. DesRoches C.M.

Quality of primary care provided to Medicare beneficiaries by nurse practitioners and physicians.

Medical Care. 56: 484-490https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000908Burbidge J.B. Magee L. Robb A.L.

Alternative transformations to handle extreme values of the dependent variable.

Journal of the American Statistical Association. 83 (): 123-127Carr B.G. Bowman A.J. Wolff C.S. Mullen M.T. Holena D.N. Branas C.C. Wiebe D.J.

Disparities in access to trauma care in the United States: A population-based analysis.

Injury. 48: 332-338https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017.01.008Chen X. Orom H. Hay J.L. Waters E.A. Schofield E. Li Y. Kiviniemi M.T.

Differences in rural and urban health information access and use.

The Journal of Rural Health. 35: 405-417https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12335Cohen C. Baird M. Koirola N. Kandrack R. Martsolf G.

The surgical and anesthesia workforce and provision of surgical services in rural communities: A mixed-methods examination.

The Journal of Rural Health. ()

Council of State Governments. (2011). Capitol Facts and Figures: Health Care Wokforce Shortages Critical in Rural America. http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Health_Care_Workforce_Shortages_Critical_in_Rural_America_0.pdf

Doescher M.P. Andrilla C.H.A. Skillman S.M. Morgan P. Kaplan L

The contribution of physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners toward rural primary care: Findings from a 13-state survey.

Medical Care. 52: 549-556https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000135

Feyereisen, S.L., Puro, N., McConnell, W. (2020). Addressing provider shortages in rural America: The role of state opt-out policy adoptions in promoting hospital anesthesia provision. The Journal of Rural Health, Ahead of Print. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12487

The rural hospital problem.

JAMA. 321: 2271-2272https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.7377Friedberg M.W. Martsolf G.R. White C. Auerbach D.I. Kandrack R. Reid R.O. Butcher E. Yu H. Hollands S. Nie X.

Evaluation of policy options for increasing the availability of primary care services in rural Washington state.

RAND Health Q. 6 (): 8Germack H.D. Kandrack R. Martsolf G.R.

When rural hospitals close, the physician workforce goes.

Health Affairs. 38: 2086-2094https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00916Graves J.A. Mishra P. Dittus R.S. Parikh R. Perloff J. Buerhaus P.I.

Role of geography and nurse practitioner scope-of-practice in efforts to expand primary care system capacity health reform and the primary care workforce.

Medical Care. 54: 81-89https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000454Grumbach K. Hart L.G. Mertz E. Coffman J. Palazzo L.

Who is caring for the underserved? A comparison of primary care physicians and nonphysician clinicians in California and Washington.

The Annals of Family Medicine. 1: 97-104https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.49Hart L.G. Pirani M.J. Rosenblatt R.A.

Most rural towns lost physicians after their hospitals closed.

Rural Development Perspectives. 10 (): 17-21

Health Resources & Services Administration. (2018). User Documentation for the County Area Health Resources File (AHRF), 2017-2018 Release. https://data.hrsa.gov/data/download

Hung P. Casey M.M. Kozhimannil K.B. Karaca-Mandic P. Moscovice I.S.

Rural-urban differences in access to hospital obstetric and neonatal care: How far is the closest one?.

Journal of Perinatology. 38: 645-652https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-018-0063-5Hung P. Henning-Smith C. Casey M.M. Kozhimannil K.B.

Access to obstetric services in rural counties still declining, with 9 percent losing services.

Health Affairs. 36 (): 1663-1671https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0338Johnston K.J. Wen H. Joynt Maddox K.E.

Lack of access to specialists associated with mortality and preventable hospitalizations of rural Medicare beneficiaries.

Health Affairs. 38: 1993-2002https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00838

Kaiser Family Foundation. (2020). Status of State Action on the Medicaid Expansion Decision. Retrieved November 9 from https://www.kff.org/health-reform/state-indicator/state-activity-around-expanding-medicaid-under-the-affordable-care-act/?currentTimeframe=0 &sortModel=%7B%22colId%22: %22Location%22,% 22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D

Kandrack R. Barnes H. Martsolf G.R.

Nurse practitioner scope of practice regulations and nurse practitioner supply.

Med Care Res Rev. ()https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558719888424Kaufman B.G. Thomas S.R. Randolph R.K. Perry J.R. Thompson K.W. Holmes G.M. Pink G.H.

The rising rate of rural hospital closures.

The Journal of Rural Health. 32: 35-43https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12128Kozhimannil K.B. Casey M.M. Hung P. Han X. Prasad S. Moscovice I.S.

The rural obstetric workforce in US hospitals: Challenges and opportunities.

The Journal of Rural Health. 31: 365-372https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12112Larson E.H. Palazzo L. Berkowitz B. Pirani M.J. Hart L.G.

The contribution of nurse practitioners and physician assistants to generalist care in Washington state.

Health Services Research. 38: 1033-1050https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.00161Lindrooth R.C. Perraillon M.C. Hardy R.Y. Tung G.J.

Understanding the relationship between medicaid expansions and hospital closures.

Health Affairs. 37: 111-120https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0976Luo H. Bell R.A. Winterbauer N.L. Xu L. Zeng X. Wu Q. Rafferty A.P. Watson A.M.

Trends and rural-urban differences in participation in diabetes self-management education among adults in North Carolina.

Journal of Public Health Management and Practice. () ()Martsolf G.R. Baird M. Cohen C.C. Koirala N.

Relationship between state policy and anesthesia provider supply in rural communities.

Medical Care. 57: 341-347https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001106

Mobley, E., Ullrich, F., Baten, R., Shrestha, M., Muller, K. (2020). Health Care Professional Workforce Composition Before and After Rural Hospital Closure. Retrieved June 22, 2020 from https://rupri.public-health.uiowa.edu/publications/policybriefs/2020/hospital%20closure%20workforce.pdf

Ortiz J. Hofler R. Bushy A. Lin Y.-L. Khanijahani A. Bitney A.

Impact of nurse practitioner practice regulations on rural population health outcomes.

Healthcare. 6: 65https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6020065

Growth and Changes in the National Health Service Corps (NHSC) Workforce with the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.

The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 25: 723-733https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2012.05.110261Poghosyan L. Liu J. Shang J. D'Aunno T

Practice environments and job satisfaction and turnover intentions of nurse practitioners: Implications for primary care workforce capacity.

Health Care Management Review. 42: 162-171https://doi.org/10.1097/hmr.0000000000000094Shipman S. Wendling A. Jones K. Kovar-Gough I. Orlowski J. Phillips J.

The decline in rural medical students: A growing gap in geographic diversity threatens the rural physician workforce.

Health Affairs. 38: 2011-2018https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00924Shugarman L.R. Sorbero M.E. Tian H. Jain A.K. Ashwood J.S.

An exploration of urban and rural differences in lung cancer survival among medicare beneficiaries.

Am J Public Health. 98: 1280-1287https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2006.099416Taylor A.K. Schiefelbein A. Zhang J. Krebsbach J. Skala M.C. Eason J. LoConte N.K.

Getting rurality right: Investigating cancer across the rural-urban interface.

Journal of Clinical Oncology. 38 ()https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.e19063

The National Council of State Boards of Nursing. (2019). The NCSBN 2019 Environmental Scan: 40th Anniversary Edition. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 9(4 Supplement).

United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. (2016, October 12, 2016). Rural-Urban Continuum Codes: Overview. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-continuum-codes/

Winkler R.L. Johnson K.M.

Moving toward integration? Effects of migration on ethnoracial segregation across the rural-urban continuum.

Demography. 53: 1027-1049https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0479-5

Wishner, J., Solleveld, P., Rudowitz, R., Paradise, J., Antonisse, L. (2016). A Look at Rural Hospital Closures and Implications for Access to Care: Three Case Studies. http://files.kff.org/attachment/issue-brief-a-look-at-rural-hospital-closures-and-implications-for-access-to-care

Xue Y. Kannan V. Greener E. Smith J.A. Brasch J. Johnson B.A. Spetz J.

Full scope-of-practice regulation is associated with higher supply of nurse practitioners in rural and primary care health professional shortage counties.

Journal of Nursing Regulation. 8: 5-13https://doi.org/10.1016/S2155-8256(17)30176-XXue Y. Smith J.A. Spetz J.

Primary care nurse practitioners and physicians in low-income and rural areas.

JAMA. 321 (): 102-105https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.17944