MedicalAntibioticAntibacterials for systemic use1·04 (1·00–1·08); p=0·0170·99 (0·97–1·00); p=0·0761·05 (1·01–1·09); p=0·00351·07 (0·99–1·16); p=0·041Antifungals for systemic use0·93 (0·81–1·06); p=0·150·98 (0·94–1·03); p=0·310·95 (0·82–1·09); p=0·331·13 (0·85–1·50); p=0·29Antihelmintics and antiprotozoals0·94 (0·68–1·29); p=0·620·92 (0·84–1·02); p=0·0371·01 (0·71–1·44); p=0·931·05 (0·45–2·46); p=0·88Antimycobacterials1·23 (0·83–1·84); p=0·191·15 (0·91–1·45); p=0·141·05 (0·63–1·75); p=0·810·96 (0·26–3·53); p=0·93Antiretrovirals0·91 (0·63–1·32); p=0·531·05 (0·64–1·75); p=0·790·97 (0·40–2·32); p=0·933·24 (0·34–30·92); p=0·19Antivirals for systemic use0·88 (0·79–0·97); p=0·00140·95 (0·91–0·99); p=0·00180·92 (0·82–1·03); p=0·0591·22 (0·93–1·58); p=0·066Fluoroquinolones for systemic use0·98 (0·88–1·09); p=0·640·96 (0·93–0·98); p<0·00011·02 (0·91–1·13); p=0·721·09 (0·86–1·38); p=0·34AntihypertensivesAlpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists0·95 (0·89–1·02); p=0·0720·98 (0·90–1·06); p=0·530·99 (0·89–1·11); p=0·860·94 (0·69–1·26); p=0·58Antihypertensives1·00 (0·98–1·03); p=0·781·06 (1·01–1·10); p=0·00090·92 (0·88–0·96); p<0·00011·16 (1·01–1·34); p=0·0094Antineoplastics and immune modulatorsAntineoplastic and immunomodulating agents0·99 (0·91–1·08); p=0·751·09 (0·99–1·19); p=0·0310·88 (0·77–1·01); p=0·0171·03 (0·72–1·48); p=0·83Antirheumatic drugs1·03 (0·95–1·11); p=0·420·99 (0·91–1·08); p=0·751·00 (0·89–1·13); p=0·951·18 (0·84–1·65); p=0·23CardiacAntiarrythmics1·06 (0·92–1·22); p=0·320·83 (0·68–1·00); p=0·0131·24 (0·97–1·59); p=0·0310·74 (0·29–1·89); p=0·42Digoxin1·17 (1·05–1·30); p=0·00021·20 (0·97–1·48); p=0·0360·88 (0·69–1·13); p=0·210·68 (0·33–1·40); p=0·18Organic nitrates1·14 (1·03–1·27); p=0·00190·99 (0·92–1·06); p=0·611·13 (1·00–1·29); p=0·0140·92 (0·67–1·24); p=0·47Cessation therapyDisulfiram1·49 (0·79–2·78); p=0·121·62 (1·11–2·35); p=0·00141·01 (0·40–2·55); p=0·97NA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

Naltrexone1·04 (0·44–2·48); p=0·911·52 (0·94–2·46); p=0·0290·54 (0·12–2·37); p=0·30NA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

Varenicline0·98 (0·79–1·21); p=0·781·02 (0·93–1·12); p=0·560·99 (0·78–1·25); p=0·920·97 (0·60–1·55); p=0·86DiabeticBiguanides0·98 (0·93–1·03); p=0·251·06 (0·99–1·14); p=0·0280·91 (0·84–0·99); p=0·00381·10 (0·84–1·44); p=0·36Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors0·94 (0·80–1·11); p=0·361·00 (0·76–1·32); p=0·970·96 (0·68–1·35); p=0·781·26 (0·53–2·98); p=0·50Gliflozin class hypoglycemics0·88 (0·65–1·18); p=0·281·19 (0·71–2·01); p=0·410·90 (0·45–1·79); p=0·701·09 (0·32–3·72); p=0·86Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists0·85 (0·63–1·14); p=0·160·87 (0·60–1·24); p=0·320·99 (0·59–1·68); p=0·972·81 (0·33–23·69); p=0·23Insulin1·04 (0·97–1·11); p=0·201·15 (1·04–1·27); p=0·00040·89 (0·79–1·00); p=0·0131·39 (0·76–2·53); p=0·18Meglitinides1·14 (0·81–1·61); p=0·321·05 (0·69–1·59); p=0·771·10 (0·60–2·03); p=0·690·73 (0·11–4·80); p=0·68Sulfonylureas1·04 (0·98–1·11); p=0·131·15 (1·04–1·26); p=0·00050·89 (0·79–1·00); p=0·0100·75 (0·49–1·14); p=0·083EyeAntineovascularisation agents0·23 (0·01–4·41); p=0·211·59 (0·50–5·10); p=0·32NA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

NA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

Mydriatics and cycloplegics0·98 (0·51–1·87); p=0·931·15 (0·95–1·39); p=0·0760·71 (0·34–1·48); p=0·24NA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

Ophthalmological medicinal products1·11 (1·03–1·20); p=0·00091·01 (0·97–1·05); p=0·461·04 (0·95–1·14); p=0·281·04 (0·82–1·31); p=0·69GastrointestinalAnticholinergic agents used as antiemetics or antispasmodics0·95 (0·72–1·27); p=0·680·88 (0·81–0·96); p=0·00021·04 (0·76–1·42); p=0·771·06 (0·51–2·19); p=0·85H2-receptor antagonists1·04 (0·97–1·11); p=0·201·01 (0·96–1·05); p=0·680·99 (0·91–1·08); p=0·830·97 (0·79–1·18); p=0·67Metoclopramide1·06 (0·86–1·31); p=0·491·01 (0·92–1·10); p=0·831·03 (0·81–1·31); p=0·750·76 (0·46–1·27); p=0·19Proton pump inhibitors0·93 (0·89–0·96); p<0·00010·97 (0·94–1·01); p=0·0480·92 (0·88–0·97); p<0·00010·97 (0·84–1·11); p=0·56HormonalClomiphene1·06 (0·56–2·04); p=0·810·89 (0·71–1·12); p=0·201·16 (0·56–2·42); p=0·60NA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

MetabolicAcetazolamide, methazolamide1·37 (0·81–2·33); p=0·130·93 (0·75–1·15); p=0·381·56 (0·81–3·02); p=0·0892·29 (0·09–56·70); p=0·52Bisphosphonates1·21 (1·13–1·30); p<0·00011·22 (1·10–1·35); p<0·00010·97 (0·85–1·10); p=0·501·05 (0·71–1·54); p=0·77Preparations increasing uric acid excretion1·18 (0·61–2·28); p=0·540·94 (0·75–1·17); p=0·481·64 (0·73–3·67); p=0·12NA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

Preparations inhibiting uric acid production0·91 (0·85–0·98); p=0·00210·92 (0·82–1·04); p=0·0820·96 (0·84–1·11); p=0·510·73 (0·48–1·11); p=0·058Miscellaneous medicalBetahistine1·04 (0·84–1·27); p=0·680·94 (0·86–1·02); p=0·0461·10 (0·88–1·39); p=0·291·22 (0·72–2·06); p=0·34First generation antihistamines1·12 (0·97–1·30); p=0·0451·04 (0·98–1·10); p=0·131·05 (0·90–1·23); p=0·410·98 (0·70–1·35); p=0·86Cough and cold preparations1·04 (0·73–1·49); p=0·781·00 (0·92–1·09); p=0·931·07 (0·72–1·57); p=0·680·76 (0·26–2·24); p=0·53Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs0·79 (0·77–0·82); p<0·00010·97 (0·95–0·99); p=0·00030·82 (0·79–0·85); p<0·00010·83 (0·77–0·89); p<0·0001Systemic retinoids1·05 (0·87–1·28); p=0·481·14 (1·02–1·27); p=0·00300·94 (0·75–1·17); p=0·451·00 (0·59–1·69); p=1·00Second generation antihistamines0·92 (0·80–1·08); p=0·200·97 (0·90–1·05); p=0·400·95 (0·80–1·14); p=0·480·99 (0·68–1·45); p=0·97Skeletal muscle relaxants0·69 (0·65–0·73); p<0·00011·00 (0·97–1·04); p=0·760·69 (0·64–0·74); p<0·00010·66 (0·57–0·76); p<0·0001Urinary antispasmodics1·13 (0·99–1·29); p=0·0171·03 (0·92–1·16); p=0·501·07 (0·89–1·29); p=0·340·97 (0·59–1·62); p=0·90Synthetic cannabinoids1·06 (0·71–1·58); p=0·710·98 (0·76–1·27); p=0·871·05 (0·62–1·79); p=0·821·13 (0·22–5·82); p=0·86NeurologicalAnticholinergic agents used for Parkinson's disease1·45 (1·08–1·96); p=0·00171·21 (0·94–1·57); p=0·0571·21 (0·77–1·91); p=0·282·49 (0·57–10·83); p=0·12Cholinergic drugs1·83 (1·39–2·40); p<0·00011·38 (0·98–1·95); p=0·0171·22 (0·75–1·97); p=0·311·88 (0·52–6·86); p=0·22Dopaminergic agents1·20 (1·04–1·38); p=0·00191·16 (1·00–1·36); p=0·0151·01 (0·80–1·28); p=0·900·91 (0·46–1·80); p=0·73Ergot alkaloids0·86 (0·52–1·43); p=0·460·99 (0·78–1·26); p=0·900·88 (0·48–1·62); p=0·592·25 (0·04–140·14); p=0·62Memantine5·29 (0·79–35·35); p=0·0291·09 (0·20–5·90); p=0·90NA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

NA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

Selective serotonin (5HT1) agonists0·90 (0·77–1·06); p=0·100·89 (0·83–0·96); p=0·00021·01 (0·84–1·20); p=0·911·18 (0·68–2·08); p=0·45Antiepileptic drugs1·20 (1·14–1·26); p<0·00011·08 (1·03–1·15); p=0·00021·11 (1·03–1·19); p=0·00041·03 (0·84–1·26); p=0·74OpioidsLow-potency opioids and prescription antitussives0·89 (0·86–0·93); p<0·00010·99 (0·97–1·01); p=0·330·89 (0·86–0·93); p<0·00010·85 (0·78–0·91); p<0·0001High-potency opioids1·24 (1·17–1·30); p<0·00011·01 (0·97–1·04); p=0·721·16 (1·09–1·24); p<0·00010·84 (0·72–0·97); p=0·0019PsychiatricAntidepressantsNon-sedating antidepressants1·14 (1·09–1·18); p<0·00011·04 (1·00–1·09); p=0·0121·07 (1·01–1·14); p=0·00371·05 (0·89–1·24); p=0·48Sedating antidepressants1·12 (1·05–1·19); p<0·00011·16 (1·10–1·23); p<0·00010·97 (0·89–1·05); p=0·300·96 (0·78–1·18); p=0·65Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors1·16 (1·12–1·20); p<0·00011·11 (1·07–1·15); p<0·00011·03 (0·98–1·08); p=0·111·04 (0·91–1·20); p=0·45Tricyclic antidepressants1·11 (1·05–1·18); p<0·00011·06 (1·00–1·11); p=0·00651·03 (0·95–1·11); p=0·391·00 (0·82–1·23); p=0·95AntipsychoticsNon-sedating antipsychotics1·16 (1·04–1·30); p=0·00061·19 (1·06–1·34); p=0·00020·97 (0·82–1·15); p=0·691·26 (0·82–1·93); p=0·18Sedating antipsychotics1·35 (1·25–1·46); p<0·00011·28 (1·20–1·38); p<0·00011·06 (0·95–1·17); p=0·201·03 (0·79–1·35); p=0·76SedativesLong-acting benzodiazepines1·30 (1·22–1·38); p<0·00011·12 (1·07–1·19); p<0·00011·14 (1·05–1·24); p<0·00010·91 (0·76–1·10); p=0·21Short-acting benzodiazepines1·25 (1·20–1·31); p<0·00011·04 (1·01–1·07); p=0·00121·17 (1·11–1·23); p<0·00010·99 (0·87–1·13); p=0·87Barbiturates1·17 (0·93–1·46); p=0·0831·18 (1·02–1·35); p=0·00370·92 (0·69–1·22); p=0·450·54 (0·28–1·03); p=0·017Buspirone1·04 (0·78–1·40); p=0·720·97 (0·79–1·20); p=0·751·21 (0·81–1·79); p=0·240·90 (0·36–2·22); p=0·76Chloral hydrate0·91 (0·46–1·78); p=0·721·31 (0·88–1·97); p=0·0910·50 (0·17–1·43); p=0·098NA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

EthchlorvynolNA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

0·74 (0·02–25·54); p=0·83NA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

NA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

Meprobamate1·23 (0·20–7·58); p=0·770·25 (0·03–2·12); p=0·11NA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

NA*

Insufficient data: the number of responsible drivers in the medication exposure category of interest was less than 5.

Z-drugs1·10 (1·04–1·16); p<0·00011·03 (0·99–1·07); p=0·0541·05 (0·99–1·12); p=0·0541·05 (0·88–1·24); p=0·52OtherLithium1·16 (1·01–1·34); p=0·00761·15 (0·94–1·40); p=0·0820·99 (0·77–1·28); p=0·941·25 (0·61–2·58); p=0·44Psychostimulants1·03 (0·93–1·14); p=0·491·09 (0·98–1·22); p=0·0340·96 (0·82–1·12); p=0·521·00 (0·63–1·59); p=0·98