Bernt M., Donath A., Jühling F., Externbrink F., Florentz C., Fritzsch G. et al. 2013 MITOS: Improved de novo metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 69, 313-319.

Botero-Trujillo R., Moreno-González J. A. and Prendini L. 2024 Phylogeny of the neotropical hypoctonine whip-scorpions (Thelyphonida, Thelyphonidae), with descriptions of two new genera and species. InSects 15, 761.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Castro-Pereira D. and Pinto-da-Rocha R. 2025 Molecular phylogeny and systematic revision of the Brazilian species of Mastigoproctus Pocock, 1894 (Arachnida: Uropygi: Mastigoproctinae). Invertebr. Syst. 39, 1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Clouse R. M., Branstetter M. G., Buenavente P., Crowley L. M., Czekanski-Moir J., General D. E. M. et al. 2017 First global molecular phylogeny and biogeographical analysis of two arachnid orders (Schizomida and Uropygi) supports a tropical Pangean origin and mid-Cretaceous diversification. J. Biogeogr. 44, 2660–2672.

Article  Google Scholar 

Feng Z., Wu Y., Yang C., Gu X., Wilson J. J., Li H. et al. 2020 Evolution of tRNA gene rearrangement in the mitochondrial genome of ichneumonoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 164, 540–547.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freeman J. and Hochberg R. 2018 Structure and functional morphology of the acid-secreting pygidial glands in the whipscorpion Mastigoproctus giganteus (Lucas, 1835) (Arachnida: Thelyphonida). Zoomorphology 137, 85–103.

Article  Google Scholar 

Grams M., Wirkner C. S. and Runge J. 2018 Serial and special: Comparison of podomeres and muscles in tactile vs walking legs of whip scorpions (Arachnida, Uropygi). Zool. Anz. 273, 75–101.

Article  Google Scholar 

Grant J. R. and Stothard P. 2008 The CGView Server: a comparative genomics tool for circular genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, W181–W184.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hassanin A., Léger N. and Deutsch J. 2005 Evidence for multiple reversals of asymmetric mutational constraints during the evolution of the mitochondrial genome of Metazoa, and consequences for phylogenetic inferences. Syst. Biol. 54, 277–298.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haupt J. and Müller F. 2004 New products of defense secretion in South East Asian whip scorpions (Arachnida: Uropygi: Thelyphonida). Z. Naturforsch. C. 59, 579–581.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hurst L. D. 2002 The Ka/Ks ratio: Diagnosing the form of sequence evolution. Trends Genet. 18, 486–487.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jia Y., Qiu G., Cao C., Wang X., Jiang L., Zhang T. et al. 2023 Mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Chaohu duck. Gene 851, 147018.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang P., Li H., Song F., Cai Y., Wang J., Liu J. et al. 2016 Duplication and remolding of tRNA genes in the mitochondrial genome of Reduvius tenebrosus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17, 951.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kalyaanamoorthy S., Minh B. Q., Wong T. K. F., von Haeseler A. and Jermiin L. S. 2017 ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nat. Methods 14, 587–589.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kang Z., Xu Y., Wang G., Yang D. and Zhang X. 2023 First mitochondrial genomes of the crane fly tribe Elephantomyiini (Diptera, Tipuloidea, Limoniidae): comparative analysis and phylogenetic implications. Arthropod Syst. Phylogeny 81, 731–746.

Article  Google Scholar 

Katoh K. and Standley D. M. 2013 MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30, 772–780.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kumar S., Stecher G., Suleski M., Sanderford M., Sharma S. and Tamura K. 2024 MEGA12: molecular evolutionary genetic analysis version 12 for adaptive and green computing. Mol. Biol. Evol. 41, msae263.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Letunic I. and Bork P. 2021 Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v5: an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation. Nucleic Acids Res. 49, W293–W296.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu M., Zhang Z. and Peng Z. 2015 The mitochondrial genome of the water spider Argyroneta aquatica (Araneae: Cybaeidae). Zool. Scr. 44, 179–190.

Article  Google Scholar 

Masta S. E. and Boore J. L. 2008 Parallel evolution of truncated transfer RNA genes in arachnid mitochondrial genomes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 949–959.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nguyen L. T., Schmidt H. A., von Haeseler A. and Minh B. Q. 2015 IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 32, 268–274.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Niu Y., Shi F., Li X., Zhang S., Xu Y., Tao J. et al. 2024 Comparative mitochondrial genomic analysis of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) with phylogenetic implications. Arthropod Syst. Phylogeny 82, 133–150.

Article  Google Scholar 

Perna N. T. and Kocher T. D. 1995 Patterns of nucleotide composition at fourfold degenerate sites of animal mitochondrial genomes. J. Mol. Evol. 41, 353–358.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ronquist F., Teslenko M., van der Mark P., Ayres D. L., Darling A., Höhna S. et al. 2012 MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst. Biol. 61, 539–542.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Seraphim G., Giupponi A. P. L. and Miranda G. S. 2019 Taxonomy of the thelyphonid genus Typopeltis Pocock, 1894, including homology proposals for the male gonopod structures (Arachnida, Thelyphonida, Typopeltinae). Zookeys 848, 21–39.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sosale M. S., Songsasen N., İbiş O., Edwards C. W., Figueiró H. V. and Koepfli K. 2023 The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic characterization of two putative subspecies of golden jackal (Canis aureus cruesemanni and Canis aureus moreotica). Gene 866, 147303.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wheeler W. C., Coddington J. A., Crowley L. M., Dimitrov D., Goloboff P. A., Griswold C. E. et al. 2017 The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling. Clasistics 33, 574–616.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang D., Gao F., Jakovlic I., Zou H., Zhang J., Li W. X. et al. 2020 PhyloSuite: an integrated and scalable desktop platform for streamlined molecular sequence data management and evolutionary phylogenetics studies. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 20, 348–355.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou L. J., Wang H., Jarzembowski E. A. and Xiao C. T. 2024 A new genus of whip scorpion (Arachnida: Thelyphonida: Thelyphonidae) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber of northern Myanmar. Cretaceous Res. 153, 105702.

Article  Google Scholar