Diagnostic Evaluation of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma in Core Biopsy Specimens: Morphologic, Immunohistochemical, Molecular, and Therapeutic Considerations

Mao Y, Xing M. Recent incidences and differential trends of thyroid cancer in the USA. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2016;23(4):313-22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lim H, Devesa SS, Sosa JA, et al. Trends in Thyroid Cancer Incidence and Mortality in the United States, 1974-2013. JAMA. 2017;317(13):1338-48.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kebebew E, Greenspan FS, Clark OH, et al. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Treatment outcome and prognostic factors. Cancer. 2005;103(7):1330-5.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akaishi J, Sugino K, Kitagawa W, et al. Prognostic factors and treatment outcomes of 100 cases of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2011;21(11):1183-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu B, Fuchs T, Dogan S, et al. Dissecting Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Clinical, Histologic, Immunophenotypic, and Molecular Study of 360 Cases. Thyroid. 2020;30(10):1505-17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rao SN, Zafereo M, Dadu R, et al. Patterns of Treatment Failure in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid. 2017;27(5):672-81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bible KC, Kebebew E, Brierley J, et al. 2021 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Management of Patients with Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2021;31(3):337-86.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fan D, Ma J, Bell AC, et al. Outcomes of multimodal therapy in a large series of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer. Cancer. 2020;126(2):444-52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yin Y, Wang L, Huang C. Surgery combined with adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy prolonged overall survival in stage IVC anaplastic thyroid cancer: a SEER-based analysis. Endocrine. 2024;85(1):250-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lai ML, Faa G, Serra S, et al. Rhabdoid tumor of the thyroid gland: a variant of anaplastic carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005;129(3):e55-7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feng G, Laskin WB, Chou PM, Lin X. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with rhabdoid features. Diagn Cytopathol. 2015;43(5):416-20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaffey MJ, Lack EE, Christ ML, Weiss LM. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells. A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study. Am J Surg Pathol. 1991;15(2):160-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Canos JC, Serrano A, Matias-Guiu X. Paucicellular variant of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: report of two cases. Endocr Pathol. 2001;12(2):157-61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wan SK, Chan JK, Tang SK. Paucicellular variant of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. A mimic of Reidel's thyroiditis. Am J Clin Pathol. 1996;105(4):388-93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong KS, Lorch JH, Alexander EK, et al. Histopathologic Features and Clinical Outcome of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma with a Minor Anaplastic Component. Endocr Pathol. 2020;31(3):283-90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen J, Tward JD, Shrieve DC, Hitchcock YJ. Surgery and radiotherapy improves survival in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results 1983-2002. Am J Clin Oncol. 2008;31(5):460-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Glaser SM, Mandish SF, Gill BS, et al. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: Prognostic factors, patterns of care, and overall survival. Head Neck. 2016;38 Suppl 1(E2083–90.

De Felice F, Moscatelli E, Orelli S, et al. Primary thyroid angiosarcoma: A systematic review. Oral Oncol. 2018;82(48–52.

Kaur A, Didolkar MS, Thomas A. Angiosarcoma of the thyroid: a case report with review of the literature. Endocr Pathol. 2013;24(3):156-61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang TS, Ocal IT, Oxley K, Sosa JA. Primary leiomyosarcoma of the thyroid gland. Thyroid. 2008;18(4):425-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barletta JA, Gilday SD, Afkhami M, et al. NUTM1 -rearranged Carcinoma of the Thyroid : A Distinct Subset of NUT Carcinoma Characterized by Frequent NSD3 - NUTM1 Fusions. Am J Surg Pathol. 2022;46(12):1706-15.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Allison DB, Rueckert J, Cornea V, et al. Thyroid Carcinoma with NSD3::NUTM1 Fusion: a Case with Thyrocyte Differentiation and Colloid Production. Endocr Pathol. 2022;33(2):315-26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haack H, Johnson LA, Fry CJ, et al. Diagnosis of NUT midline carcinoma using a NUT-specific monoclonal antibody. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(7):984-91.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zala A, Berhane T, Juhlin CC, et al. Riedel Thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(9):

Deeken-Draisey A, Yang GY, Gao J, Alexiev BA. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: an epidemiologic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular single-institution study. Hum Pathol. 2018;82(140–8.

Venkatesh YS, Ordonez NG, Schultz PN, et al. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic study of 121 cases. Cancer. 1990;66(2):321-30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nkosi D, Crowe WE, Altman BJ, et al. SATB2 is an Emergent Biomarker of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: A Series with Comprehensive Biomarker and Molecular Studies. Endocr Pathol. 2024;35(4):432-41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bishop JA, Sharma R, Westra WH. PAX8 immunostaining of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a reliable means of discerning thyroid origin for undifferentiated tumors of the head and neck. Hum Pathol. 2011;42(12):1873-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haq F, Bychkov A, Mete O, et al. Identification of Specific Biomarkers for Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Through Spatial Transcriptomic and Immunohistochemical Profiling. Endocr Pathol. 2025;36(1):14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen TY, Lorch JH, Wong KS, Barletta JA. Histological features of BRAF V600E-mutant anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Histopathology. 2020;77(2):314-20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Landa I, Ibrahimpasic T, Boucai L, et al. Genomic and transcriptomic hallmarks of poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers. J Clin Invest. 2016;126(3):1052-66.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Asioli S, Erickson LA, Righi A, et al. Poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid: validation of the Turin proposal and analysis of IMP3 expression. Mod Pathol. 2010;23(9):1269-78.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mete O, Boucher A, Schrader KA, et al. Consensus Statement: Recommendations on Actionable Biomarker Testing for Thyroid Cancer Management. Endocr Pathol. 2024;35(4):293-308.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, Thyroid Carcinoma 2025 [updated March 27, 2025. Available from: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/thyroid.pdf.

Ritterhouse LL, Barletta JA. BRAF V600E mutation-specific antibody: A review. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2015;32(5):400-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghossein RA, Katabi N, Fagin JA. Immunohistochemical detection of mutated BRAF V600E supports the clonal origin of BRAF-induced thyroid cancers along the spectrum of disease progression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(8):E1414-21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central 

Comments (0)

No login
gif