Work loneliness is an increasingly significant issue due to changes in work post-COVID-19

Work loneliness research suffers from conceptual ambiguity

ELeadership behaviours and relational substitutes are key factors influencing work loneliness

Methodological challenges persist due to inconsistent loneliness measurement

Future studies should focus on longitudinal designs, measurement , and targeted interventions.

This review focuses on recent developments in work loneliness research, specifically examining studies published between 2023 and early 2025. In this essay, I focus on the conceptualisation of work loneliness, distinguishing it as a unique experience embedded within the context of work relationships and environments. I also highlight ongoing measurement issues, including the conflation of loneliness with social isolation, which complicates both theoretical clarity and the creation of targeted interventions. I specifically examine recent studies that explore loneliness within remote and hybrid work environments. The essay explores emerging evidence on leadership behaviour, with recent research suggesting that empathic, empowering, and supportive leadership is associated with reduced work loneliness. Finally, I identify promising but preliminary research into relational substitutes, such as digital relational agents and identification with one's work role, as potential buffers against loneliness when interpersonal relationships are lacking.

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© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.