Scorpion stings of the Centruroides genus in Panama cause high morbidity rates, although no deaths have been reported [1]. Among the Panamanian scorpions of this genus such as C. granosus, C. panamensis and C. limbatus, they cause mild intoxication, generally presenting only local symptoms at the site of the sting (local pain or paresthesia). However, the Panamanian species Centruroides bicolor stands out for moderate clinical signs; for example, nausea, vomiting, or tachycardia, and it is the Centruroides genus that causes more morbidity than the Tityus genus in the country [1]. In Panama, Centruroides bicolor (pedipalp chela manus and distal patella are dark brown Fig. 1A) is usually found in the provinces of Chiriquí and Veraguas [2]; however, its presence has also been reported in Costa Rica [3,4]. Pocock described Centruroides bicolor in 1898 and studies about the partial sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes and 16S rRNAs (16S) of C. bicolor populations demonstrated that there is a high genetic diversity among such populations, which may influence its ability to adapt to environmental changes and long-term survival [5]. Such population diversity could affect the components of its venom. In previous reports to this communication, Salazar et al. (2018) studied the venoms of four species of the genus Centruroides from Panama. In such report, the authors showed that several fractions of the venom from C. bicolor showed moderate to lethal activity and such fractions from HPLC analysis were named fraction 25 (4008.9 Da), fraction 27 (4220.7 Da), fraction 36 (7306.0 and 7623.0 Da), fraction 38 (7177.3 and 6943.8 Da), fraction 41 (7487.1 Da) and fraction 43 (7048.6 and 6979.8 Da) containing one or two distinctive molecular masses. Other unpublished results on the biological activity of this venom include the evaluation of clinical manifestations using the Hippocratic pharmacological screening technique, in which it is reported that the venom of C. bicolor produces a stereotyped response, tachypnea, Straub's sign, piloerection, increased alarm reaction and hyperactivity, forced abdominal breathing, abdominal contractions, enophthalmia, lacrimation, and sialorrhea at various concentrations of the venom in mice. Additionally, it is observed that the scorpion venom may increase serum creatine kinase levels, blood glucose, and amylasemia in mice [6].

Nowadays, proteomic mass fingerprinting is widely used, ranging from identifying scorpion species to discovering previously unknown venom toxins [7,8]. Combining proteomics and transcriptomics is essential for identifying new proteins in venoms. These methods are used to identify novel proteins with pharmaceutical potential in scorpions [[9], [10], [11], [12]]. Therefore, to identify the primary structure of most of those neurotoxins reported toxins and contribute to understanding the venom components from the venom of C. bicolor, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses on the venom gland and the crude venom were performed, respectively.