Sung, H. et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 71, 209–249 (2021).
Anastasiadis, A. & de Reijke, T. M. Best practice in the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Ther. Adv. Urol. 4, 13–32 (2012).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kassouf, W. et al. CUA guidelines on the management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Can. Urol. Assoc. J. 9, E690–E704 (2015).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cumberbatch, M. G. K. et al. Epidemiology of bladder cancer: a systematic review and contemporary update of risk factors in 2018. Eur. Urol. 74, 784–795 (2018).
Halaseh, S. A. et al. A review of the etiology and epidemiology of bladder cancer: all you need to know. Cureus 14, e27330 (2022).
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. in PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66010/ (National Cancer Institute, 2024).
Kirkali, Z. et al. Bladder cancer: epidemiology, staging and grading, and diagnosis. Urology 66, 4–34 (2005).
Cheng, L. et al. Survival of patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Cancer 85, 2469–2474 (1999).
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Subiela, J. D. et al. Carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: a systematic review of current knowledge regarding detection, treatment, and outcomes. Eur. Urol. Focus. 6, 674–682 (2020).
Herranz, R. et al. Circulating cell-free DNA in liquid biopsies as potential biomarker for bladder cancer: a systematic review. Cancers 13, 1448 (2021).
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
[No authors listed]. in PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66044/ (National Cancer Institute, 2024).
Nepple, K. G. & O’Donnell, M. A. The optimal management of T1 high-grade bladder cancer. Can. Urol. Assoc. J. 3, S188–S192 (2009).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Llano, A., Chan, A., Kuk, C., Kassouf, W. & Zlotta, A. R. Carcinoma in situ (CIS): is there a difference in efficacy between various BCG strains? a comprehensive review of the literature. Cancers 16, 245 (2024).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Isharwal, S. & Konety, B. Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer risk stratification. Indian. J. Urol. 31, 289–296 (2015).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tang, D. H. & Chang, S. S. Management of carcinoma in situ of the bladder: best practice and recent developments. Ther. Adv. Urol. 7, 351–364 (2015).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chun, Y. S., Pawlik, T. M. & Vauthey, J. N. 8th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual: pancreas and hepatobiliary cancers. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 25, 845–847 (2018).
Sylvester, R. J. et al. European Association of Urology (EAU) prognostic factor risk groups for Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) incorporating the WHO 2004/2016 and WHO 1973 classification systems for grade: an update from the EAU NMIBC guidelines Panel. Eur. Urol. 79, 480–488 (2021).
Grabe-Heyne, K. et al. Intermediate and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: an overview of epidemiology, burden, and unmet needs. Front. Oncol. 13, 1170124 (2023).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Babjuk, M. et al. EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: update 2016. Eur. Urol. 71, 447–461 (2017).
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2023. American Cancer Society https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2023/2023-cancer-facts-and-figures.pdf (2023).
Siegel, R. L. et al. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J. Clin. 72, 7–33 (2022).
Aldousari, S. & Kassouf, W. Update on the management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Can. Urol. Assoc. J. 4, 56–64 (2010).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Holmang, S. et al. The relationship among multiple recurrences, progression and prognosis of patients with stages Ta and T1 transitional cell cancer of the bladder followed for at least 20 years. J. Urol. 153, 1823–1826 (1995).
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Chang, S. S. et al. Treatment of non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer: AUA/ASCO/ASTRO/SUO guideline. J. Urol. 198, 552–559 (2017).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Powles, T. et al. Bladder cancer: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 33, 244–258 (2022).
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Woldu, S. L., Bagrodia, A. & Lotan, Y. Guideline of guidelines: non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int. 119, 371–380 (2017).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Witjes, J. A. et al. EAU guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer: summary of the 2013 guidelines. Eur. Urol. 65, 778–792 (2014).
Korkes, F. & Palou, J. High mortality rates after radical cystectomy: we must have acceptable protocols and consider the rationale of cutaneous ureterostomy for high-risk patients. Int. Braz. J. Urol. 45, 1090–1093 (2019).
Shinagare, A. B. et al. Metastatic pattern of bladder cancer: correlation with the characteristics of the primary tumor.AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 196, 117–122 (2011).
Malayeri, A. A., Pattanayak & Apolo, A. B. Imaging muscle-invasive and metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Curr. Opin. Urol. 25, 441–448 (2015).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nkwam, N. & Chen, T. F. Non-muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the distal ureter and bladder with lung metastasis: a case report and literature review. Int. J. Surg. Case Rep. 4, 382–384 (2013).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Xu, T. et al. Distant metastasis without regional progression in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: case report and pooled analysis of literature. World J. Surg. Oncol. 20, 226 (2022).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Flaig, T. W. et al. NCCN guidelines® insights: bladder cancer, version 3.2024. J. Natl Compr. Canc. Netw. 22, 216–225 (2024).
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Dougherty, D. W. et al. Superficial bladder cancer metastatic to the lungs: two case reports and review of the literature. Urology 73, 210.e3–210.e5 (2009).
Frydenlund, N. et al. Non-muscle invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma metastatic to the mandible. J. Investig. Med. High. Impact Case Rep. 6, 2324709618806332 (2018).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Matthews, N. et al. The clinicopathological features of metastatic superficial papillary bladder cancer. J. Urol. 132, 904–906 (1984).
Comments (0)