Continuous international temperature record-keeping began in 1880 and has been developed to the modern day where agencies collect, interpret, and collaborate on analyzing global weather patterns (1). This record-keeping has resulted in a large body of research demonstrating an undeniable trend of increasing average global temperatures since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (2). In contrast, workplace morbidity and mortality were highest at the turn of the 20th century and improved by 90% from 1933 to 1997, during which the workforce increased more than three-fold (3). Despite this commendable progress, safety among the labor force is threatened due to rising temperatures, with heat-related illnesses accounting for roughly 37% of all weather-related fatalities over the past 30 years (4). In the face of such a threat, populations already at risk, including construction and agricultural workers, are disproportionately affected. While expanding heat-protection regulations in the workplace would be a logical implementation for the health and safety of workers, recent state legislations in Florida and Texas have banned such measures (5, 6). Preventing heat protection poses a significant threat to the morbidity and mortality of heat-vulnerable workers and other at-risk populations, and the establishment of such protections must be prioritized.

On April 11, 2024, Governor Ron DeSantis approved HB 433, “prohibiting a political subdivision from requiring employers to meet or provide heat exposure requirements beyond those required by law” (6). While it may seem like Florida would enact such a bill to standardize heat protection laws statewide, there are currently no heat protection laws in place, meaning HB 433 prevents heat protection requirements in Florida. This house bill prevents any heat protection for the 140,000+ agriculture production workers and nearly 630,000 construction workers (7, 8). As of 2018, agriculture and construction account for roughly 4.8% of all jobs in Florida; however, these values may underestimate their presence, as undocumented workers are estimated to constitute 49 percent of the farming, fishing, and forestry industries and 38 percent of the construction and extraction industry (9, 10). The state most comparable to Florida for the necessity of heat protection laws is California, which has 500,000–800,000 farmworkers, about 58 percent of whom are undocumented, and which established statewide heat protection regulations in 2005 (11–13).

An in-depth study by Gubernot et al. analyzed data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics to determine occupational heat-related fatalities in the United States between 2000 and 2010. Florida had the ninth-highest rate of 0.37 deaths per 1,000,000 workers per year, while California reported 0.24 deaths per 1,000,000 workers per year. Of note, the national average was 0.22 deaths per 1,000,000 workers per year, and of the 10 states with the highest heat-related fatality rates, zero have heat protection laws as of 2024 (14). According to the Department of Labor, agriculture and construction workers should have monetary compensation in their wages as hazard pay, given in hazardous workplace environments without sufficient protective measures (15). The insufficient inclusion of hazard pay strains workers' current standard of living and inadequately compensates for the long-term effects of chronic heat exposure. Furthermore, given the nature of most agricultural work, one can argue that the working conditions of most agricultural workers can be considered hazardous and that unclear definitions of “hazardous pay” may allow workplaces to avoid compensating workers. Instead, given the nature of their working conditions, agricultural workers in general should receive increased compensation reflected in their wages to account for the hazardous nature of their workplace setting. A study by Mix et al. performed a study on nearly 200 agriculture workers in Florida to evaluate the impact of heat on kidney function. Each worker was able to contribute up to three consecutive workdays of data, and it was found that 33% of workers had measurable acute kidney injury (AKI) on at least one of the 3 days (16). While AKI has acute dangers, repeated AKI can cause permanent damage, increasing the risk of developing chronic kidney disease, heart disease and stroke (17). While ensuring workplace safety and providing adequate compensation for hazardous environments needs to be a priority, it is also an equitable responsibility to minimize long-term health effects, especially with serious conditions like AKI that can be avoided with proper hydration. The urgency of workforce protection cannot be overstated. Florida's lack of heat protection laws puts thousands of workers at risk daily. However, if the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) were to establish a federal requirement for heat protection, Florida workplace policies would have to comply, helping to mitigate worker risks. Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, Federal OSHA was excluded from regulating state and local government employees (18). While this act also requires state governments to establish protections for federal employees deemed at least as effective as those set by Federal OSHA, there are currently no Federal OSHA heat-related regulations. On July 23, 2023, President Biden asked OSHA to begin issuing heat hazard alerts and discussed implementing Federal OSHA heat policies. However, President Biden also noted, “[a] workplace heat standard has long been a top priority for the Department of Labor, but rulemaking takes time,” raising the question of how long state employees will have to work without a Federal OSHA heat-related legal precedent protecting their health and safety (19).

Introduced in July 2023, ordinance file number 231454, Creating a Heat Standard for Outdoor Workers, aimed to implement heat-related protective regulations for Miami-Dade County, including “requiring…an approved mandatory heat exposure safety program… access to drinking water…shaded recovery periods…multilingual notice of employee rights…establishing penalties for violations of chapter…” (20). This proposed ordinance remained in discussion into 2024 but as of July 1, 2024, HB 433 barred the proposal from being established and directly resulted in its formal withdrawal. DeSantis' motivation for such a ban appears to be the prioritization of business owners retaining control over working conditions, in lieu of ensuring the safety of workers. This is supported by a comment by DeSantis after signing HB 433, in which he states, “[t]here was a lot of concern out of one county, Miami-Dade. And I don't think it was an issue in any other part of the state” (21). DeSantis reasoned allowing local heat-related policies would “impos[e] restrictions in ways that are not likely going to be feasible when you have people doing in multiple jurisdictions…it should be one rule for the state” (22, 23). The prioritization of business owners was made clear when questioned about the safety of workers, to which DeSantis replied, “businesses are able to do what they want to do” (22). Such logic contradicts the purpose of OSHA's creation, which is to establish and enforce workplace regulations that reduce health and safety risks faced by employees (24). Miami-Dade's bill was supported by workers and activists but contested by agriculture and construction employers and lobbyists. Ultimately, preemption from employers and lobbyists raised the required heat index of the bill, reducing the estimated affected days per year from 180 days down to 3 (25). While opposing regulations ensuring the safety of workers is against their wellbeing regardless of location, Miami is one of the cities in Florida, arguably the entire United States, most in need for such protective measures due to local factors. Without enforceable standards, the safety of the most vulnerable workers is at risk of being valued second to business operations, and local governments should be encouraged, not barred, to create their own standards based on the needs of their population.

Texas Governor Abbott and Florida Governor DeSantis both reasoned heat-safety regulations, if implemented at all, should be done at the state level (21). Climate records demonstrate why statewide heat regulations without allowing local ordinances interferes with the primary purpose of workplace regulations: to ensure an environment with protective measures minimizing the exposure to health risks and preventing health consequences of said risks where possible. Using the temperature California deems as necessitating heat-related policies for reference (80 degrees Fahrenheit) highlights the striking difference between Florida's largest cities, Jacksonville and Miami. Looking at NOAA weather records, in 2023, Jacksonville had 237 days where the temperature was at least 80-degrees, while Miami had 318 days (26–28). Perhaps a better indicator of heat stress is a dew point of 65-degrees Fahrenheit or greater, a level at which the NOAA describes as “becoming oppressive” (29). Based on climate, Jacksonville's lowest frequency of days with a dew point above 65-degrees is in January at 2%, while Miami's lowest is 30% in January. Jacksonville has a 100% chance of a 65-degree dew point for roughly 1 month between July and August, while Miami has ~3 months (30). Evaluating the percentage of time at “miserable” comfort levels, meaning a dew point >75-degrees Fahrenheit, demonstrates a maximum frequency of roughly 15% in Jacksonville and just over 40% in Miami (31). Such unique environmental factors impacting the heat index experienced in Miami demonstrate the necessity of both universal heat protection laws and the ability for local governments to establish higher protection standards based on their local climate (30). Evaluating the percentage of time at “miserable” comfort levels, meaning a dew point >75 degrees Fahrenheit, demonstrates a maximum frequency of roughly 15% in Jacksonville and just over 40% in Miami (31). Such unique environmental factors impacting the heat index experienced in Miami demonstrate the necessity of universal heat protection laws and the ability for local governments to establish higher protection standards. These records demonstrate why statewide heat regulations without the possibility of local ordinances interfere with the primary purpose of workplace regulations: to ensure a workplace environment with protective measures against health risks and removal of said risks where possible.

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Achievements in public health, 1900-1999: improvements in workplace safety – United States, 1900-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. (1999) 48:461–9.

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14. Gubernot DM, Anderson GB, Hunting KL. Characterizing occupational heat-related mortality in the United States, 2000–2010: an analysis using the census of fatal occupational injuries database. Am J Ind Med. (2015) 58:203–11. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22381

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16. Mix J, Elon L, Vi Thien Mac V, Flocks J, Economos E, Tovar-Aguilar AJ, et al. Hydration status, kidney function, and kidney injury in florida agricultural workers. J Occup Environ Med. (2018) 60:e253–60. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001261

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18. Fairfax RE. Federal OSHA has no jurisdiction over State, municipal, or volunteer fire departments. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Standard Interpretations. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor (2006).

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