Donofrio MT, Moon-Grady AJ, Hornberger LK, Copel JA, Sklansky MS, Abuhamad A, Cuneo BF, Huhta JC, Jonas RA, Krishnan A, Lacey S, Lee W, Michelfelder EC Sr, Rempel GR, Silverman NH, Spray TL, Strasburger JF, Tworetzky W, Rychik J, American Heart Association Adults With Congenital Heart Disease Joint Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young and Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing (2014) Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 129:2183–2242

Article  Google Scholar 

Inamura N, Horigome H, Takigiku K, Shibuya K, Yoda H, Kawazu Y, Hirono K (2022) Fetal myocardial deformation measured with two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography: longitudinal prospective cohort study of 124 healthy fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 59:651–659

Article  Google Scholar 

van Oostrum NHM, de Vet CM, Clur SB, van der Woude DAA, van den Heuvel ER, Oei SG, van Laar JOEH (2022) Fetal myocardial deformation measured with two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography: longitudinal prospective cohort study of 124 healthy fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 59:651–659

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abraham MR (2019) Circulation in the normal fetus and cardiovascular adaptation to birth, 3rd edn. CRC Press, FL, pp 101–119

Google Scholar 

Cameli M, Mandoli GE, Sciaccaluga C, Mondillo S (2019) More than 10 years of speckle tracking echocardiography: still a novel technique or a definite tool for clinical practice? Echocardiography 36:958–970

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forsey J, Friedberg MK, Mertens L (2013) Speckle tracking echocardiography in pediatric and congenital heart disease. Echocardiography 30:447–459

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Potter E, Marwick TH (2018) Assessment of left ventricular function by echocardiography: the case for routinely adding global longitudinal strain to ejection fraction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 11:260–274

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karlsen S, Dahlslett T, Grenne B, Sjøli B, Smiseth O, Edvardsen T, Brunvand H (2019) Global longitudinal strain is a more reproducible measure of left ventricular function than ejection fraction regardless of echocardiographic training. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 17:18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12947-019-0168-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Armstrong GT, Joshi VM, Ness KK, Marwick TH, Zhang N, Srivastava D, Griffin BP, Grimm RA, Thomas J, Phelan D, Collier P, Krull KR, Mulrooney DA, Green DM, Hudson MM, Robison LL, Plana JC (2015) Comprehensive echocardiographic detection of treatment-related cardiac dysfunction in adult survivors of childhood cancer: results from the St. Jude lifetime cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol 65:2511–2522

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dahlbäck C, Gudmundsson S (2016) Increased pulsatility in the fetal ductus venosus is not related to altered cardiac strain in high-risk pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 29:1328–1333

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maskatia SA, Pignatelli RH, Ayres NA, Altman CA, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Lee W (2016) Fetal and neonatal diastolic myocardial strain rate: normal reference ranges and reproducibility in a prospective, longitudinal cohort of pregnancies. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 29:663–669

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rychik J, Zeng S, Bebbington M, Szwast A, Quartermain M, Natarajan S, Johnson M, Tian Z (2012) Speckle tracking-derived myocardial tissue deformation imaging in twin–twin transfusion syndrome: differences in strain and strain rate between donor and recipient twins. Fetal Diagn Ther 32:131–137

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miranda JO, Cerqueira RJ, Ramalho C, Areias JC, Henriques-Coelho T (2018) Fetal cardiac function in maternal diabetes: a conventional and speckle-tracking echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 31:333–341

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeKoninck P, D’hooge J, Van Mieghem T, RichterDeprest JJ (2014) Speckle tracking echocardiography in fetuses diagnosed with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Prenat Diagn 34:1262–1267

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Germanakis I, Matsui H, Gardiner HM (2012) Myocardial strain abnormalities in fetal congenital heart disease assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography. Fetal Diagn Ther 32:123–130

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crispi F, Sepulveda-Swatson E, Cruz-Lemini M, Rojas-Benavente J, Garcia-Posada R, Dominguez JM, Sitges M, Bijnens B, Gratacós E (2012) Feasibility and reproducibility of a standard protocol for 2D speckle tracking and tissue Doppler-based strain and strain rate analysis of the fetal heart. Fetal Diagn Ther 32:96–108

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo L, Liu H, Zhou S, Zhao F, Zhu Q, Guo N, Chen J (2021) Quantitative evaluation of fetal ventricular function by speckle tracking echocardiography. Echocardiography 38:1924–1931

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Oostrum NHM, de Vet CM, van der Woude DAA, Kemps HMC, Oei SG, van Laar JOEH (2020) Fetal strain and strain rate during pregnancy measured with speckle tracking echocardiography: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 250:178–187

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeVore GR, Klas B, Satou G, Sklansky M (2018) Longitudinal annular systolic displacement compared to global strain in normal fetal hearts and those with cardiac abnormalities. J Ultrasound Med 37:1159–1171

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Domínguez-Gallardo C, Ginjaume-García N, Ullmo J, Trilla C, Medina MC, Vázquez A, Cruz-Lemini M, Llurba E (2022) Gestational age-adjusted reference ranges for fetal left ventricle longitudinal strain by automated cardiac motion quantification between 24- and 37-weeks’ gestation. Fetal Diagn Ther 49:311–320

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meister M, Axt-Fliedner R, Graupner O, Kuhn V, Wolter A, Götte M, Enzensberger C (2020) Atrial and ventricular deformation analysis in normal fetal hearts using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Fetal Diagn Ther 47:699–710

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alsolai AA, Bligh LN, Greer RM, Gooi A, Kumar S (2018) Myocardial strain assessment using velocity vector imaging in normally grown fetuses at term. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 52:352–358

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matsui H, Germanakis I, Kulinskaya E, Gardiner HM (2011) Temporal and spatial performance of vector velocity imaging in the human fetal heart. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 37:150–157

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Di Salvo G, Russo MG, Paladini D, Felicetti M, Castaldi B, Tartaglione A, di Pietto L, Ricci C, Morelli C, Pacileo G, Calabrò R (2008) Two-dimensional strain to assess regional left and right ventricular longitudinal function in 100 normal foetuses. Eur J Echocardiogr 9:754–756

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hou M, Liu L, Xie JM, Duan XJ, Lv XL, Li XQ, Zhang Q (2022) Evaluation of biventricular longitudinal myocardial function in normal fetuses at different gestational ages using ultrasonic velocity vector imaging. Front Pediatr 10:920966. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.920966

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ohira A, Hayata K, Mishima S, Tani K, Maki J, Mitsui T, Eto E, Masuyama H (2020) The assessment of the fetal heart function using two-dimensional speckle tracking with a high frame rate. Early Hum Dev 151:105160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105160

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Enzensberger C, Achterberg F, Graupner O, Wolter A, Herrmann J, Axt-Fliedner R (2017) Wall-motion tracking in fetal echocardiography-influence of frame rate on longitudinal strain analysis assessed by two-dimensional speckle tracking. Echocardiography 34:898–905

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Enzensberger C, Achterberg F, Degenhardt J, Wolter A, Graupner O, Herrmann J, Axt-Fliedner R (2017) Feasibility and reproducibility of two-dimensional wall motion tracking (WMT) in fetal echocardiography. Ultrasound Int Open 3:E26–E33

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li L, Craft M, Hsu HH, Zhang M, Klas B, Danford DA, Kutty S (2017) Left ventricular rotational and twist mechanics in the human fetal heart. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 30:773-780.e1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maskatia SA, Pignatelli RH, Ayres NA, Altman CA, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Lee W (2016) Longitudinal changes and interobserver variability of systolic myocardial deformation values in a prospective cohort of healthy fetuses across gestation and after delivery. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 29:341–349

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brooks PA, Khoo NS, Hornberger LK (2014) Systolic and diastolic function of the fetal single left ventricle. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 27:972–977

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kapusta L, Mainzer G, Weiner Z, Deutsch L, Khoury A, Haddad S, Lorber A (2013) Changes in fetal left and right ventricular strain mechanics during normal pregnancy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 26:1193–1200

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim SH, Miyakoshi K, Kadohira I, Tanaka M, Minegishi K, Matsumoto T, Yoshimura Y (2013) Comparison of the right and left ventricular performance during the fetal development using velocity vector imaging. Early Hum Dev 89:675–681

Article  PubMed