Siegel, R. L., Giaquinto, A. N. & Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2024. CA Cancer J. Clin. 74, 12–49 (2024).
Thompson, I. et al. Guideline for the management of clinically localized prostate cancer: 2007 update. J. Urol. 177, 2106–2131 (2007).
Abdollah, F. et al. More extensive pelvic lymph node dissection improves survival in patients with node-positive prostate cancer. Eur. Urol. 67, 212–219 (2015).
Deng, J. Y. & Liang, H. Clinical significance of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. 20, 3967–3975 (2014).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Song, Y. J. et al. The role of lymphovascular invasion as a prognostic factor in patients with lymph node-positive operable invasive breast cancer. J. Breast Cancer 14, 198–203 (2011).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Murakami, Y. et al. Number of metastatic lymph nodes, but not lymph node ratio, is an independent prognostic factor after resection of pancreatic carcinoma. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 211, 196–204 (2010).
Pereira, E. R., Jones, D., Jung, K. & Padera, T. P. The lymph node microenvironment and its role in the progression of metastatic cancer. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 38, 98–105 (2015).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
du Bois, H., Heim, T. A. & Lund, A. W. Tumor-draining lymph nodes: at the crossroads of metastasis and immunity. Sci. Immunol. 6, eabg3551 (2021).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gervasoni, J. E. Jr., Sbayi, S. & Cady, B. Role of lymphadenectomy in surgical treatment of solid tumors: an update on the clinical data. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 14, 2443–2462 (2007).
Moschini, M. et al. Determinants of long-term survival of patients with locally advanced prostate cancer: the role of extensive pelvic lymph node dissection. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 19, 63–67 (2016).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bivalacqua, T. J. et al. Anatomic extent of pelvic lymph node dissection: impact on long-term cancer-specific outcomes in men with positive lymph nodes at time of radical prostatectomy. Urology 82, 653–658 (2013).
Joslyn, S. A. & Konety, B. R. Impact of extent of lymphadenectomy on survival after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Urology 68, 121–125 (2006).
Engel, J. et al. Survival benefit of radical prostatectomy in lymph node-positive patients with prostate cancer. Eur. Urol. 57, 754–761 (2010).
Chen, J. et al. Pelvic lymph node dissection and its extent on survival benefit in prostate cancer patients with a risk of lymph node invasion >5%: a propensity score matching analysis from SEER database. Sci. Rep. 9, 17985 (2019).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fossati, N. et al. The benefits and harms of different extents of lymph node dissection during radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer: a systematic review. Eur. Urol. 72, 84–109 (2017).
Nocera, L. et al. Rate and extent of pelvic lymph node dissection in the US prostate cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy. Clin. Genitourin. Cancer 16, e451–e467 (2018).
Lowrance, W. T. et al. Contemporary open and robotic radical prostatectomy practice patterns among urologists in the United States. J. Urol. 187, 2087–2092, (2012).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fransen, M. F., van Hall, T. & Ossendorp, F. Immune checkpoint therapy: tumor draining lymph nodes in the spotlights. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 9401 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fransen, M. F. et al. Tumor-draining lymph nodes are pivotal in PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint therapy. JCI Insight 3, e124507 (2018).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fransen, M. F., Arens, R. & Melief, C. J. Local targets for immune therapy to cancer: tumor draining lymph nodes and tumor microenvironment. Int. J. Cancer 132, 1971–1976 (2013).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fletcher, A. L. & Heng, T. S. Lymph node stroma join the cancer support network. Cell Death Differ. 23, 1899–1901 (2016).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
van Pul, K. M., Fransen, M. F., van de Ven, R. & de Gruijl, T. D. Immunotherapy goes local: the central role of lymph nodes in driving tumor infiltration and efficacy. Front. Immunol. 12, 643291 (2021).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen, D. S. & Mellman, I. Oncology meets immunology: the cancer-immunity cycle. Immunity 39, 1–10 (2013).
Cochran, A. J. et al. Tumour-induced immune modulation of sentinel lymph nodes. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6, 659–670 (2006).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Loeb, S., Partin, A. W. & Schaeffer, E. M. Complications of pelvic lymphadenectomy: do the risks outweigh the benefits? Rev. Urol. 12, 20–24 (2010).
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Briganti, A. et al. Complications and other surgical outcomes associated with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy in men with localized prostate cancer. Eur. Urol. 50, 1006–1013 (2006).
Epstein, J. I. et al. Prognostic factors and reporting of prostate carcinoma in radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy specimens. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. Suppl. 34–63 (2005).
D’Amico, A. V. et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA 280, 969–974, (1998).
Cagiannos, I. et al. A preoperative nomogram identifying decreased risk of positive pelvic lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer. J. Urol. 170, 1798–1803 (2003).
Partin, A. W. et al. The use of prostate specific antigen, clinical stage and Gleason score to predict pathological stage in men with localized prostate cancer. J. Urol. 150, 110–114 (1993).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Briganti, A. et al. Updated nomogram predicting lymph node invasion in patients with prostate cancer undergoing extended pelvic lymph node dissection: the essential importance of percentage of positive cores. Eur. Urol. 61, 480–487 (2012).
Martini, A. et al. Unilateral pelvic lymph node dissection in prostate cancer patients diagnosed in the era of magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy: a study that challenges the dogma. J. Urol. 210, 117–127 (2023).
Cheng, L. et al. Risk of prostate carcinoma death in patients with lymph node metastasis. Cancer 91, 66–73 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gervasi, L. A. et al. Prognostic significance of lymph nodal metastases in prostate cancer. J. Urol. 142, 332–336 (1989).
Comments (0)