Mireu Park,1 Yun Young Roh,1 Ha Min Kim,1 Jae Hwa Jung,1 Soo Yeon Kim,1 Jong Deok Kim,1 Yong Ju Lee,2 Min Jung Kim,2 Yoon Hee Kim,3 Kyung Won Kim,1 Myung Hyun Sohn1

Affiliations:
1 Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2 Department of Pediatrics, Yongin Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
3 Department of Pediatrics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Abstract

Background: In children suspected of asthma, diagnosis is confirmed via variable expiratory airflow limitation. However, there is no single gold standard test for diagnosing asthma.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the pulmonary function characteristics in children suspected of asthma without bronchodilator response (BDR) and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR).
Methods: We utilized two separate real-world retrospective observational cohorts of children who underwent both spirometry and bronchial provocation testing for asthma. Spirometry parameters were collected and compared between definite asthma, probable asthma, and non-asthma groups. The original cohort comprised 1199 children who visited the Severance Hospital (Seoul, Korea) between January 2017 and December 2019. The external cohort included 105 children who visited the Gangnam Severance Hospital between January 2019 and December 2019.
Results: Probable asthma accounted for 16.8% and 32.4% of the original and external cohorts, respectively. This group showed a significantly higher FeNO level and prevalence of allergic sensitization. Baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of FVC (FEF25-75), and FEF75 showed stepwise decrements from non-asthma, probable asthma, to definite asthma patients (P < 0.001). The probable asthma group showed significantly higher odds of abnormal FEV1/FVC (OR, 2.24 [95%CI, 1.43-3.52]) and FEF25-75 (2.05 [1.13-3.73]) than the non-asthma group and lower odds of abnormal FEV1 (0.05 [0.01-0.19]), FEV1/FVC (0.27 [0.18-0.41]), FEF25-75 (0.17 [0.11-0.28]), and FEF75 (0.14 [0.08-0.24]) compared to the definite asthma group. The external cohort was consistent with the original cohort.
Conclusion: We show evidence of airway dysfunction in children for whom a high clinical suspicion of asthma exists without evidence of BDR and BHR. Repeated pulmonary function tests that closely monitor for subtle lung function impairments and active utilization of additional tests, such as allergic screening and FeNO, should be considered to close the gap in diagnosing asthma.
Key word: asthma, children, diagnosis, paediatric, spirometry