Petrov MS, Taylor R. Intra-pancreatic fat deposition: bringing hidden fat to the fore. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19:153–68.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong VW, Wong GL, Yeung DK, et al. Fatty pancreas, insulin resistance, and β-cell function: a population study using fat-water magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:589–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee Y, Hirose H, Ohneda M, et al. Beta-cell lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of obese rats: impairment in adipocyte-beta-cell relationships. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:10878–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Singh RG, Yoon HD, Wu LM, et al. Ectopic fat accumulation in the pancreas and its clinical relevance: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Metabolism. 2017;69:1–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor R, Al-Mrabeh A, Sattar N. Understanding the mechanisms of reversal of type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7:726–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Mrabeh A, Zhyzhneuskaya SV, Peters C, et al. Hepatic lipoprotein export and remission of human type 2 diabetes after weight loss. Cell Metab. 2020;31:233–49.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ko J, Al-Ani Z, Long K, et al. Intra-pancreatic, liver, and skeletal muscle fat depositions in first attack of acute pancreatitis versus health. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117:1693–701.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Ani Z, Ko J, Petrov MS. Intra-pancreatic fat deposition across the pancreatitis spectrum and the influence of gut hormones. Dig Liver Dis. 2023;55:1081–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ko J, Skudder-Hill L, Priya S, et al. Associations between intra-pancreatic fat deposition, pancreas size, and pancreatic enzymes in health and after an attack of acute pancreatitis. Obes Facts. 2022;15:70–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sreedhar UL, DeSouza SV, Park B, et al. A systematic review of intra-pancreatic fat deposition and pancreatic carcinogenesis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2020;24:2560–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petrov MS. Fateful fat: intra-pancreatic lipids cause pancreatic cancer. Cell Rep Med. 2024;5: 101428.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Petrov MS. Fatty change of the pancreas: the Pandora’s box of pancreatology. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8:671–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Della Pepa G, Salamone D, Testa R, et al. Intrapancreatic fat deposition and nutritional treatment: the role of various dietary approaches. Nutr Rev. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad159. (Epub ahead of print).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ko J, Skudder-Hill L, Tarrant C, et al. Intra-pancreatic fat deposition as a modifier of the relationship between habitual dietary fat intake and insulin resistance. Clin Nutr. 2021;40:4730–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ko J, Kimita W, Skudder-Hill L, et al. Dietary carbohydrate intake and insulin traits in individuals after acute pancreatitis: effect modification by intra-pancreatic fat deposition. Pancreatology. 2021;21:353–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rossi AP, Fantin F, Zamboni GA, et al. Effect of moderate weight loss on hepatic, pancreatic and visceral lipids in obese subjects. Nutr Diabetes. 2012;2: e32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Honka H, Koffert J, Hannukainen JC, et al. The effects of bariatric surgery on pancreatic lipid metabolism and blood flow. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:2015–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Umemura A, Sasaki A, Nitta H, et al. Pancreas volume reduction and metabolic effects in Japanese patients with severe obesity following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Endocr J. 2017;64:487–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lautenbach A, Wernecke M, Riedel N, et al. Adaptive changes in pancreas post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass induced weight loss. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2018;34: e3025.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaborit B, Abdesselam I, Kober F, et al. Ectopic fat storage in the pancreas using 1H-MRS: importance of diabetic status and modulation with bariatric surgery-induced weight loss. Int J Obes. 2015;39:480–7.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hui SC, Wong SK, Ai Q, Yeung DK, Ng EK, Chu WC. Observed changes in brown, white, hepatic and pancreatic fat after bariatric surgery: evaluation with MRI. Eur Radiol. 2019;29:849–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steven S, Hollingsworth KG, Al-Mrabeh A, et al. Very low-calorie diet and 6 months of weight stability in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiological changes in responders and nonresponders. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:808–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steven S, Hollingsworth KG, Small PK, et al. Weight loss decreases excess pancreatic triacylglycerol specifically in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:158–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goodarzi MO, Petrov MS. Diabetes of the exocrine pancreas: implications for pharmacological management. Drugs. 2023;83:1077–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lewis GF, Carpentier A, Adeli K, et al. Disordered fat storage and mobilization in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:201–29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Souza-Mello V, Gregório BM, Cardoso-de-Lemos FS, et al. Comparative effects of telmisartan, sitagliptin and metformin alone or in combination on obesity, insulin resistance, and liver and pancreas remodelling in C57BL/6 mice fed on a very high-fat diet. Clin Sci (Lond). 2010;119:239–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zsóri G, Illés D, Ivány E, et al. In new-onset diabetes mellitus, metformin reduces fat accumulation in the liver, but not in the pancreas or pericardium. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2019;17:289–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kuriyama T, Ishibashi C, Kozawa J, et al. Effects of liraglutide on intrapancreatic fat deposition in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2024;59:208–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higa M, Zhou YT, Ravazzola M, et al. Troglitazone prevents mitochondrial alterations, beta cell destruction, and diabetes in obese prediabetic rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:11513–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu X, McCorkle S, Wang M, et al. Leptinomimetic effects of the AMP kinase activator AICAR in leptin-resistant rats: prevention of diabetes and ectopic lipid deposition. Diabetologia. 2004;47:2012–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fernandes-Santos C, Evangelista Carneiro R, de Souza ML, et al. Rosiglitazone aggravates nonalcoholic fatty pancreatic disease in C57BL/6 mice fed high-fat and high-sucrose diet. Pancreas. 2009;38:e80–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lingvay I, Poduri M, Szczepaniak E, et al. Pioglitazone: effect on pancreatic steatosis and beta cell function. Diabetologia. 2012;55(Suppl 1):S327.

Google Scholar 

Lingvay I. Pioglitazone on pancreatic steatosis and bone health. https://clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed 18 Jan 2024.

Fang T, Huang S, Chen Y, et al. Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists alter pancreatic and hepatic histology and regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in high-fat diet mouse model. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2021;129:625–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kuchay MS, Krishan S, Mishra SK, et al. Effect of dulaglutide on liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD: randomised controlled trial (D-LIFT trial). Diabetologia. 2020;63:2434–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dutour A, Abdesselam I, Ancel P, et al. Exenatide decreases liver fat content and epicardial adipose tissue in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a prospective randomized clinical trial using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18:882–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smits MM, Tonneijck L, Muskiet MH, et al. Pancreatic effects of liraglutide or sitagliptin in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes: a 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:301–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vanderheiden A, Harrison LB, Warshauer JT, et al. Mechanisms of action of liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with high-dose insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:1798–806.

Article  CAS  PubMed