van Rijssen TJ, van Dijk EHC, Yzer S, Ohno-Matsui K, Keunen JEE, Schlingemann RO, Sivaprasad S, Querques G, Downes SM, Fauser S, Hoyng CB, Piccolino FC, Chhablani JK, Lai TYY, Lotery AJ, Larsen M, Holz FG, Freund KB, Yannuzzi LA, Boon CJF (2019) Central serous chorioretinopathy: Towards an evidence-based treatment guideline. Prog Retin Eye Res 73:100770

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spaide RF, Gemmy Cheung CM, Matsumoto H, Kishi S, Boon CJF, van Dijk EHC, Mauget-Faysse M, Behar-Cohen F, Hartnett ME, Sivaprasad S, Iida T, Brown DM, Chhablani J, Maloca PM (2022) Venous overload choroidopathy: A hypothetical framework for central serous chorioretinopathy and allied disorders. Prog Retin Eye Res 86:100973

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prünte C, Flammer J (1996) Choroidal capillary and venous congestion in central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 121:26e34

Article  Google Scholar 

Pang CE, Shah VP, Sarraf D, Freund KB (2014) Ultra-widefield imaging with autofluorescence and indocyanine green angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 158:362e371.e2

Article  Google Scholar 

Bacci T, Oh DJ, Singer M, Sadda S, Freund KB (2022) Ultra-Widefield Indocyanine Green Angiography Reveals Patterns of Choroidal Venous Insufficiency Influencing Pachychoroid Disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 63:17

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Agrawal R, Chhablani J, Tan KA, Shah S, Sarvaiya C, Banker A (2016) CHOROIDAL VASCULARITY INDEX IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY. Retina 36:1646–1651

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cardillo Piccolino F, Lupidi M, Cagini C, Fruttini D, Nicolò M, Eandi CM, Tito S (2018) Choroidal Vascular Reactivity in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 59:3897–3905

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spaide RF, Ledesma-Gil G, Gemmy Cheung CM (2021) Intervortex venous anastomosis in pachychoroid-related disorders. Retina 41:997e1004

Article  Google Scholar 

Imanaga N, Terao N, Sonoda S, Sawaguchi S, Yamauchi Y, Sakamoto T, Koizumi H (2023) Relationship Between Scleral Thickness and Choroidal Structure in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 64:16

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Komatsu H, Young-Devall J, Peyman GA, Yoneya S (2010) Choriocapillary blood propagation in normal volunteers and in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 94:289–291

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brinks J, van Dijk EHC, Meijer OC, Schlingemann RO, Boon CJF (2022) Choroidal arteriovenous anastomoses: a hypothesis for the pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy and other pachychoroid disease spectrum abnormalities. Acta Ophthalmol 100:946–959

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yakes W, Baumgartner I (2014) Interventional treatment of arterio-venous malformations. Gefasschirurgie 19:325–330

Article  Google Scholar 

Patton N, Aslam T, Macgillivray T, Pattie A, Deary IJ, Dhillon B (2005) Retinal vascular image analysis as a potential screening tool for cerebrovascular disease: a rationale based on homology between cerebral and retinal microvasculatures. J Anat 206:319–348

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Uppugunduri SR, Rasheed MA, Richhariya A, Jana S, Chhablani J, Vupparaboina KK (2018) Automated quantification of Haller’s layer in choroid using swept-source optical coherence tomography. PLoS ONE 13:e0193324

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yanagi Y (2020) Pachychoroid disease: a new perspective on exudative maculopathy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 64:323–337

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang TA, Chan WC, Tsai SH, Chen LJ (2021) Clinical features of pachyvessels associated with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Sci Rep 11:13867

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Daruich A, Matet A, Dirani A, Bousquet E, Zhao M, Farman N, Jaisser F, Behar-Cohen F (2015) Central serous chorioretinopathy: Recent findings and new physiopathology hypothesis. Prog Retin Eye Res 48:82–118

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dzurinko VL, Gurwood AS, Price JR (2004) Intravenous and indocyanine green angiography. Optometry 75:743–755

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Polak BC, Baarsma GS, Snyers B (1995) Diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy complicating systemic corticosteroid treatment. Br J Ophthalmol 79:922–925

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pang CE, Freund KB (2015) Pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Retina 35:1–9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sirks MJ, van Dijk EHC, Rosenberg N, Hollak CEM, Aslanis S, Cheung CMG, Chowers I, Eandi CM, Freund KB, Holz FG, Kaiser PK, Lotery AJ, Ohno-Matsui K, Querques G, Subhi Y, Tadayoni R, Wykoff CC, Zur D, Diederen RMH, Boon CJF, Schlingemann RO (2022) Clinical impact of the worldwide shortage of verteporfin (Visudyne®) on ophthalmic care. Acta Ophthalmol 100:e1522–e1532

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen CJ, Ding D, Derdeyn CP, Lanzino G, Friedlander RM, Southerland AM, Lawton MT, Sheehan JP (2020) Brain arteriovenous malformations: A review of natural history, pathobiology, and interventions. Neurology 95:917–927

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sakurada Y, Leong BCS, Parikh R, Fragiotta S, Freund KB (2018) Association between choroidal caverns and choroidal vascular hyperpermeability in eyes with pachychoroid diseases. Retina 38:1977–1983

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brinks J, van Dijk EHC, Kiełbasa SM, Mei H, van der Veen I, Peters HAB, Sips HCM, Notenboom RGE, Quax PHA, Boon CJF, Meijer OC (2022) The Cortisol Response of Male and Female Choroidal Endothelial Cells: Implications for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 107:512–524

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feil R, Lehners M, Stehle D, Feil S (2022) Visualising and understanding cGMP signals in the cardiovascular system. Br J Pharmacol 179:2394–2412

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dela Paz NG, D’Amore PA (2009) Arterial versus venous endothelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 335:5–16

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rudic RD, Shesely EG, Maeda N, Smithies O, Segal SS, Sessa WC (1998) Direct evidence for the importance of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in vascular remodeling. J Clin Invest 101:731–736

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schmetterer L, Krejcy K, Kastner J, Wolzt M, Gouya G, Findl O, Lexer F, Breiteneder H, Fercher AF, Eichler HG (1997) The effect of systemic nitric oxide-synthase inhibition on ocular fundus pulsations in man. Exp Eye Res 64:305–312

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hayreh SS (1990) In vivo choroidal circulation and its watershed zones. Eye (Lond) 4:273–289

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar