Available online 26 April 2024, 100887

Author links open overlay panel, , AbstractIntroduction

As of December 2019, the seventh coronavirus strain (SARS-COV-2), also known as COVID-19, had erupted in Wuhan, China, causing a global pandemic. This virus, which has also caused over 6.9 million deaths, has infected over 700 million people globally. Alternative preventive and therapeutic strategies, such as medicinal botanicals, are being sought in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

The combination of common herbal components with antiviral action, confirmed experimentally and computationally, is the subject of this review paper. We compiled a list of one hundred antiviral phytochemicals from aloe vera, honey, cinnamon, garlic, ginger, clove, and black cumin seeds from the literature. These compounds targeted three important steps in the replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2: the spike protein, RdRp, ACE2, NSP-16, and main protease (MPro). The phytochemical’s anti-viral potential is determined by their binding energy levels.

Results

Many herbs and spices contain bioactive phytochemicals that have shown strong binding energies to inhibit various targets of the SARS-CoV-2 protein. The development of antiviral medications to treat SARS-CoV-2 could be aided by further clinical trials on these molecules.

Conclusions

According to the findings of the literature study, it was concluded that the phytochemicals that are found in common household herbs and spices have the potential to play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of coronavirus transmission.

Introduction

Viruses are small parasitic organisms that include a genome encoded by RNA or DNA and a protein coating that is programmed for infection. The basic ability of a virion is to transfer its genome, which consists of DNA or RNA, into a host cell. The host cell can employ transcription and translation to make the genome visible. Respiratory infections, caused by a variety of viruses, are among the most serious diseases presently causing severe suffering and death worldwide (Rahman et al., 2021).

Numerous complex disorders including Alzheimer's disease, diabetes (type-1) and liver cancer are linked through viral infections (Hober et al., 2012, Ball et al., 2013, Lin et al., 2014).

Section snippetsHuman Viruses

It is believed that 219 distinct viral species can infect humans. The yellow fever virus was the first of these to be observed in 1901, and there are still three or four new species being found every year. More than 66% of human viruses can infect vertebrates and birds.

Methodology

We accessed and gathered articles from several scientific publications using a website-based search approach, in particular Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, and Medline. We have tried to gather all the articles related to research on the molecular docking of antiviral compounds from the sources that are easily accessible in our daily lives. In this investigation, relevant in silico methods and docking studies, as well as papers describing spices utilized in the treatment

Anti-viral Phytochemicals

In addition to pure compounds, plant extricates have been explored for the formation of new drugs and therapeutics (Biswas et al., 2020). Plants have a diversity of auxiliary metabolites like lignans, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and tannins that have different antiviral activities, as shown in Figure 8 (Kapoor et al., 2017).

Different phytoconstituents have antiviral activity via preventing various stages in viral infections. Their diverse antiviral components like infection adsorption,

Anti-viral Plants

Numerous experimental and virtual screening investigations have examined the antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of plant-based substances, including spices and herbs. Studies indicate that spices and herbs such as ginger, turmeric, garlic, and black pepper may suppress viral replication, reduce inflammation, and enhance the immune system.

Medicinal plants produce a variety of auxiliary metabolites throughout their normal metabolic pathways; these metabolites play an important role in

Conclusions

SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is caused by the coronavirus. the ultimate drug to treat SARS-CoV2 is still unknown. Natural remedies can boost our immune system in addition to public safety measures to prevent this virus. This article shows how common spices and foods can enhance immunity and fight viruses. The study used cinnamon, garlic, black cumin seeds, cloves, aloe-vera, honey, and ginger. Each comprised multiple antiviral chemicals, which have been computationally and experimentally studied (Singh

Funding statement

The authors declare they have no financial interests

Uncited references

(Sánchez et al., 2020b, M, et al., 2021)

Ethical Statement

We stated that no clinical trials were done in the preparation of this review study. The investigations are based on a literature review, and there are no patients or volunteers involved in this work.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Sundas Arshad: Writing – original draft, Data curation. Usman Shazad: Writing – review & editing. Aisha Saddiqa: Visualization, Supervision, Resources, Project administration, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Conceptualization.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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