Balducci L. Geriatric oncology, spirituality, and palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2019;57(1):171–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siegel RL, et al. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022;72(1):7–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pilleron S, et al. International trends in cancer incidence in middle-aged and older adults in 44 countries. J Geriatr Oncol. 2022;13(3):346–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee L, Gupta M, Sahasranaman S. Immune checkpoint inhibitors: an introduction to the next-generation cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;56(2):157–69.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yoo MJ, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors: An emergency medicine focused review. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;50:335–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shiravand Y, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy. Curr Oncol. 2022;29(5):3044–60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Switzer B, et al. Managing metastatic melanoma in 2022: a clinical review. JCO Oncol Pract. 2022;18(5):335–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Godby RC, Johnson DB, Williams GR. Immunotherapy in older adults with cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 2019;21(7):56.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Gorgoulis V, et al. Cellular senescence: defining a path forward. Cell. 2019;179(4):813–27. Describes the latest consensus from the International Cell Senescence Association on the key cellular and molecular features of senescence.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karin O, et al. Senescent cell turnover slows with age providing an explanation for the Gompertz law. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5495.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu M, et al. Senolytics improve physical function and increase lifespan in old age. Nat Med. 2018;24(8):1246–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ladomersky E, et al. Advanced age increases immunosuppression in the brain and decreases immunotherapeutic efficacy in subjects with glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26(19):5232–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsukamoto H, et al. Aging-associated and CD4 T-cell-dependent ectopic CXCL13 activation predisposes to anti-PD-1 therapy-induced adverse events. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119(29):e2205378119.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sceneay J, et al. Interferon signaling is diminished with age and is associated with immune checkpoint blockade efficacy in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Discov. 2019;9(9):1208–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nicoli F, et al. Primary immune responses are negatively impacted by persistent herpesvirus infections in older people: results from an observational study on healthy subjects and a vaccination trial on subjects aged more than 70 years old. EBioMedicine. 2022;76:103852.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fletcher JM, et al. Cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ T cells in healthy carriers are continuously driven to replicative exhaustion. J Immunol. 2005;175(12):8218–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsukamoto H, et al. Age-associated increase in lifespan of naive CD4 T cells contributes to T-cell homeostasis but facilitates development of functional defects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(43):18333–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

den Braber I, et al. Maintenance of peripheral naive T cells is sustained by thymus output in mice but not humans. Immunity. 2012;36(2):288–97.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yang KY, et al. Single-cell transcriptomics of Treg reveals hallmarks and trajectories of immunological aging. J Leukoc Biol. 2023;115:19.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yamauchi A, et al. Negative influence of aging on differentiation and proliferation of CD8(+) T-cells in dogs. Vet Sci. 2023;10(9):541.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mahalingam SS, et al. Distinct SARS-CoV-2 specific NLRP3 and IL-1beta responses in T cells of aging patients during acute COVID-19 infection. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1231087.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Osterholm MT, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):36–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Boer RJ, Tesselaar K, Borghans JAM. Better safe than sorry: naive T-cell dynamics in healthy ageing. Semin Immunol. 2023;70: 101839.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Soerens AG, et al. Functional T cells are capable of supernumerary cell division and longevity. Nature. 2023;614(7949):762–6. This article is able to show that T cells from a single mouse are able to to be expanded for over ten years, exceeding the mouse lifespan. These cells can remain competent to vaccination responses ater this time frame.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Zhang B, et al. Multi-omic rejuvenation and life span extension on exposure to youthful circulation. Nat Aging. 2023;3(8):948–64. This study shows that aged mice are able to have improved physiological outcomes when they share a circulatory system with a young mouse, with effects occuring on a physiological and molecular (including epigenetic) scale.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang TW, et al. Blocking PD-L1-PD-1 improves senescence surveillance and ageing phenotypes. Nature. 2022;611(7935):358–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pippin JW et al. Upregulated PD-1 signaling antagonizes glomerular health in aged kidneys and disease. J Clin Invest 2022;132(16). https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI156250.

Presley CJ, et al. Immunotherapy in older adults with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(19):2115–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

•• Voruganti T, et al. Association between age and survival trends in advanced non-small cell lung cancer after adoption of immunotherapy. JAMA Oncol. 2023;9(3):334–41. This is a recent meta-analysis looking at outcomes in older patients with NSCLC receiving checkpoint inhibitors.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spigel DR, et al. Safety, efficacy, and patient-reported health-related quality of life and symptom burden with nivolumab in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer, including patients aged 70 years or older or with poor performance status (CheckMate 153). J Thorac Oncol. 2019;14(9):1628–39.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Felip E, et al. CheckMate 171: A phase 2 trial of nivolumab in patients with previously treated advanced squamous non-small cell lung cancer, including ECOG PS 2 and elderly populations. Eur J Cancer. 2020;127:160–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Blanco R, et al. Pembrolizumab as first-line treatment for advanced NSCLC in older adults: a phase II clinical trial evaluating geriatric and quality-of-life outcomes. Lung Cancer. 2023;183: 107318. This is a prospective ICI trial that also includes geriatric and quality -of-life outcomes.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Antonia SJ, et al. Durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(20):1919–29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Socinski MA, et al. Durvalumab after concurrent chemoradiotherapy in elderly patients with unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (PACIFIC). Clin Lung Cancer. 2021;22(6):549–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Durvalumab maintenance after thoracic chemoradiotherapy in frail small cell lung cancer patients whose disease is limited to the thorax. cited 2023 Nov 15]; Available from: https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT05617963.

Chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy vs immunotherapy alone for older adults with stage IIIB-IV lung cancer, the ACHIEVE trial - tabular view. cited 2023 Nov 15]; Available from: https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT06096844.

Patel SP, et al. Neoadjuvant-adjuvant or adjuvant-only pembrolizumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(9):813–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tawbi HA, et al. Relatlimab and nivolumab versus nivolumab in untreated advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(1):24–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kahlon N, et al. Melanoma treatments and mortality rate trends in the US, 1975 to 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(12): e2245269.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eggermont AMM, et al. Adjuvant pembrolizumab versus placebo in resected stage III melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(19):1789–801.