Abidin, R. R. (1983). Parenting Stress Index: Professional Manual. Pediatric Psychology Press.

Google Scholar 

Abidin, R. R. (1990). Parenting Stress Index/Short Form: Professional Manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.

Google Scholar 

Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting Stress Index, Third Edition: Professional Manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.

Google Scholar 

Abidin, R. R. (2012). Parenting Stress Index, Fourth Edition: Professional Manual. Professional Manual.

Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.

Book  Google Scholar 

Bakhireva, L. N., Garrison, L., Shrestha, S., Sharkis, J., Miranda, R., & Rogers, K. (2018a). Challenges of diagnosing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in foster and adopted children. Alcohol, 67, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.05.004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bakhireva, L. N., Lowe, J., Garrison, L. M., Cano, S., Leyva, Y., Qeadan, F., & Stephen, J. M. (2018b). Role of caregiver-reported outcomes in identification of children with prenatal alcohol exposure during the first year of life. Pediatric Research, 84(3), 362–370. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2018.26

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Balcaen, L., Santos, R., Roger, K., & Mignone, J. (2021). Families with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Exploring adoptive parents’ experiences of family well-being. Adoption and Fostering, 45(3), 283–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/03085759211050044

Article  Google Scholar 

Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, K. (2009). Intergenerational trauma: Convergence of multiple processes among First Nations peoples in Canada. International Journal of Indigenous Health, 5(3), 6–47.

Google Scholar 

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021). Introduction to Meta-Analysis (Second ed.). Wiley.

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2022). Comprehensive meta-analysis (Version 4.0.) [Computer software]. Biostat. Retrieved February 7, 2023 from https://www.meta-analysis.com

Burnside, L., & Fuchs, D. (2013). Bound by the clock: The experiences of youth with FASD transitioning to adulthood from child welfare care. First Peoples Child and Family Review, 8(1), 40–61. https://doi.org/10.7202/1071406ar

Article  Google Scholar 

Canada FASD Research Network. (2019). The National FASD Database 2019 Annual Report. https://canfasd.ca/wp-content/uploads/publications/National-Database-Annual-Report-2019.pdf

Cannon, M. J., Dominique, Y., O’Leary, L. A., Sniezek, J. E., & Floyd, R. L. (2012). Characteristics and behaviors of mothers who have a child with fetal alcohol syndrome. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 34, 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2011.09.010

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Card, N. A. (2012). Applied meta-analysis for social science research. The Guilford Press. Catholic Social Services. (2002). FASD family stress scale. Author.

Chasnoff, I. J., Wells, A. M., & King, L. (2015). Misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses in foster and adopted children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Pediatrics, 135(2), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2171

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheung, K., & Theule, J. (2016). Parental psychopathology in families of children with ADHD: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 3451–3461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0499-1

Article  Google Scholar 

Cheung, K., & Theule, J. (2019a). Paternal depression and child externalizing behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 33, 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000473

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheung, K., & Theule, J. (2019b). Paternal depressive symptoms and parenting behaviors: An updated meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 613–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-01316-1

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Cheung, K., Johns, E., Willoughby, D., & Slayen, C. (2021). The association between executive functioning, attention, and adaptive functioning among children and adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 5(4), 431–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41252-021-00216-8

Article  Google Scholar 

Cheung, K., Doyle, S., Clayton, K., & Taylor, N. M. (2022). The association between performance-based measures and caregiver ratings of executive functioning among children and adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure. Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology, 8, 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40817-021-00115-9

Article  Google Scholar 

Clark, E., Lutke, J., Minnes, P., & Ouellette-Kuntz, H. (2004). Secondary disabilities among adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in British Columbia. Journal of FAS International, 2, 1–12.

Google Scholar 

Cook, J. L., Green, C. R., Lilley, C. M., Anderson, S. M., Baldwin, M. E., Chudley, A. E., Conry, J. L., LeBlanc, N., Loock, C. A., Lutke, J., Mallon, B. F., McFarlane, A. A., Temple, V. K., Rosales, T., & Mallon, B. F. (2016). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A guideline for diagnosis across the lifespan. CMAJ, 188, 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141593

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cook, J. (2022). Individual clinic report: The national FASD database spring 2022 update. CanFASD Canada FASD Research Network Report.

Google Scholar 

Coons, K. D., Watson, S., Yantzi, N. M., & Schinke, R. J. (2018). Adaptation in families raising children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Part II: What would help. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 43(2), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2016.1267718

Article  Google Scholar 

Corrigan, P. W., Shah, B. B., Lara, J. L., Mitchell, K. T., Combs-Way, P., Simmes, D., & Jones, K. L. (2019). Stakeholder perspectives on the stigma of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Addiction Research & Theory, 27(2), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2018.1478413

Article  Google Scholar 

Davis, L. B. (2013). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Identifying family factors, characterizing child behaviors, and evaluating a parent education program [Honours thesis, University of Louisville]. ThinkIR: The University of Louisville’s Institutional Repository. https://doi.org/10.18297/honors/12

Flannigan, K., Wrath, A., Ritter, C., McLachlan, K., Harding, K. D., Campbell, A., Reid, D., & Pei, J. (2021). Balancing the story of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A narrative review of the literature on strengths. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 45(12), 2448–2464.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flannigan, K., Poole, N., Cook, J., & Unsworth, K. (2023). Sex-related differences among individuals assessed for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Canada. Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research, 47(3), 613–623. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15017

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flannigan, K., Unsworth, K., & Harding, K. (2018). The prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Canada: Canada FASD Research Network. Retrieved September 6, 2022 from  https://canfasd.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Prevalence-1-Issue-Paper-FINAL.pdf

Fuchs, D., Burnside, L., Marchenski, S., & Mudry, A. (2010). Children with FASD-related disabilities receiving services from child welfare agencies in Manitoba. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8(2), 232–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-009-9258-5

Article  Google Scholar 

Fuchs, D., Burnside, L., Marchenski, S., & Murdy, A. (2005). Children with disabilities receiving services from child welfare agencies in Manitoba. Toronto, ON: Centre of Excellence for Child Welfare. Retrieved November 17, 2022 from http://www.cecw-cepb.ca/sites/default/files/publications/en/DisabilitiesManitobaFinal.pdf.

Gallagher, S., Phillips, A. C., Oliver, C., & Carroll, D. (2008). Predictors of psychological morbidity in parents of children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33(10), 1129–1136. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsn040

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Genna, N. M., Larkby, C., & Cornelious, M. D. (2007). Early and adverse experiences with sex and alcohol are associated with adolescent drinking before and during pregnancy. Addictive Behaviors, 32(12), 2799–2810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.04.018

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Getty, P. B. (2000). An analysis of the perceptions and attitudes of fetal alcohol/drug-affected children and their custodial parents relating to factors of stress. (Publication No. 9964730) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Idaho]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses A&I.

Ha, J. H., Hong, J., Seltzer, M. M., & Greenberg, J. S. (2008). Age and gender differences in the well-being of midlife and aging parents with children with mental health or developmental problems: Report of a national study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 49(3), 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650804900305

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hanlon-Dearman, A., Malik, S., Wellwood, J., Johnston, K., Gammon, H., Andrew, K. N., Maxwell, B., & Longstaffe, S. (2017). A descriptive study of a community-based home-visiting program with preschool children prenatally exposed to alcohol. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 24(2), 361–71. https://doi.org/10.22374/1710-6222.24.2.3

Article  Google Scholar 

Hartley, M., Dorstyn, D., & Due, C. (2019). Mindfulness for children and adults with autism spectrum disorder and their caregivers: A meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(10), 4306–4319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04145-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heath, C. L., Curtis, D. F., Fan, W., & McPherson, R. (2015). The association between parenting stress, parenting self-efficacy, and the clinical significance of child ADHD symptom change following behavior therapy. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46(1), 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0458-2

Article  Google Scholar 

Hennessey, J. (2015). Interaction effects of parenting styles and child temperament: Motor, cognitive, and language development in children prenatally exposed to alcohol [Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University]. Duquesne Scholarship Collection. Retrieved November 17, 2022 from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd

Ilchena, C., Slayen, C., Rennie, S., Cheung, K., Gaulke, T., & Theule, J. (2023). Parenting stress and FASD: A scoping review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 137, 104498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104498

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jirikowic, T., Olson, H. C., & Astley, S. (2012). Parenting stress and sensory processing: Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. OTJR, 32(4), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20120203-01

Article  Google Scholar 

Jones, K. L., & Smith, D. W. (1973). Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy. The Lancet, 302(7836), 999–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(73)91092-1

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jones, L., Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., & Petalas, M. A. (2013). Gender differences when parenting children with autism spectrum disorders: A multilevel modeling approach. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(9), 2090–2098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1756-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kautz, C., Parr, J., & Petrenko, C. L. (2020). Self-care in caregivers of children with FASD: How do caregivers care for themselves, and what are the benefits and obstacles for doing so? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 99, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103578

Article  Google Scholar 

Kautz-Turnbull, C., Adams, T. R., & Petrenko, C. L. (2022). The strengths and positive influence of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. AJIDD, 127(5), 355–368. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-127.5.355

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee, E., Clarkson-Hendrix, M., & Lee, Y. (2016). Parenting stress of grandparents and other kin as informal kinship caregivers: A mixed methods study. Children and Youth Services Review, 69, 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.07.013

Article  Google Scholar