Abeare, C., Sabelli, A., Taylor, B., Holcomb, M., Dumitrescu, C., Kirsch, N., & Erdodi, L. (2019). The importance of demographically adjusted cutoffs: Age and education bias in raw score cutoffs within the trail making test. Psychological Injury and Law, 12(2), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-019-09353-x

Article  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author.

Book  Google Scholar 

Ashendorf, L. (2019). Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test performance validity indices in a VA polytrauma sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 33(8), 1388–1402. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2018.1543454

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ashendorf, L., Clark, E. L., & Sugarman, M. A. (2017). Performance validity and processing speed in a VA polytrauma sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(5), 857–866. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1285961

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Axelrod, B. N., Fichtenberg, N. L., Millis, S. R., & Wertheimer, J. C. (2006). Detecting incomplete effort with digit span from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – third edition. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20(3), 513–523.

Axelrod, B. N., Meyers, J. E., & Davis, J. J. (2014). Finger tapping test performance as a measure of performance validity. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(5), 876–888. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2014.907583

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Babikian, T., Boone, K. B., Lu, P., & Arnold, G. (2006). Sensitivity and specificity of various digit span scores in the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20(1), 145–159.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bain, K. M., Soble, J. R., Webber, T. A., Messerly, J. M., Bailey, K. C., Kirton, J. W., & McCoy, K. J. (2021). Cross-validation of three Advanced Clinical Solutions performance validity tests: Examining combinations of measures to maximize classification of invalid performance. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 28(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2019.1585352

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bauer, L., Yantz, C. L., Ryan, L. M., Warden, D. L., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2005). An examination of the California Verbal Learning Test II to detect incomplete effort in a traumatic brain injury sample. Applied Neuropsychology, 12(4), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324826an1204_3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bigler, E. D. (2015). Neuroimaging as a biomarker in symptom validity and performance validity testing. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 9(3), 421–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-015-9409-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Binder, L. M., & Chafetz, M. D. (2018). Determination of the smoking gun of intent: Significance testing of forced choice results in social security claimants. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(1), 132–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1337931

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bloom, J. S., Sathe, L., Munugala, C., Jones, E. M., Gasperini, M., Lubock, N. B., ... & Arboleda, V. A. (2021). Massively scaled-up testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA via next-generation sequencing of pooled and barcoded nasal and saliva samples. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 5(7), 657–665.

Bortnik, K. E., Boone, K. B., Marion, S. D., Amano, S., Ziegler, E., Victor, T. L., & Zeller, M. A. (2010). Examination of various WMS-III Logical Memory scores in the assessment of response bias. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24(2), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040903307268

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bush, S. S., Heilbronner, R. L., & Ruff, R. M. (2014). Psychological assessment of symptom and performance validity, response bias, and malingering: Official position of the Association for Scientific Advancement in Psychological Injury and Law. Psychological Injury and Law, 7(3), 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-014-9198-7

Article  Google Scholar 

Chafetz, M. D. (2022). Deception is different: Negative validity test findings do not provide “evidence” for “good effort.” The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(6), 1244–1264. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1840633

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chafetz, M. D., Williams, M. A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Bianchini, K. J., Boone, K. B., Kirkwood, M. W., et al. (2015). Official position of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology Social Security Administration policy on validity testing: Guidance and recommendations for change. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 29(6), 723–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2015.1099738

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choi, Y. J., Baek, J. H., Suh, C. H., Shim, W. H., Jeong, B., Kim, J. K., ... & Lee, J. H. (2017). Core‐needle biopsy versus repeat fine‐needle aspiration for thyroid nodules initially read as atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance. Head & Neck, 39(2), 361–369.

Ciosi, M., Maxwell, A., Cumming, S. A., Hensman Moss, D. J., Alshammari, A. M., Flower, M. D., … & Monckton, D. G. (2019). A genetic association study of glutamine-encoding DNA sequence structures, somatic CAG expansion, and DNA repair gene variants, with Huntington disease clinical outcomes. EBioMedicine, 48, 568–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.020

Clark, W. (1991). Tumour progression and the nature of cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 64, 631–644. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1991.375

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Crişan, I., May, N., Giromini, L., Roth, R. M., & Erdodi, L. A. (2023). Replicating the classification accuracy of the verbal paired associates and visual reproduction recognition trials as embedded performance validity tests. Advance online publication.

Google Scholar 

Cronin, T., Rosser, A., & Massey, T. (2019). Clinical presentation and features of juvenile-onset Huntington’s disease: A systematic review. Journal of Huntington’s Disease, 8(2), 171–179. https://doi.org/10.3233/JHD-180339

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cutler, L., Greenacre, M., Abeare, C. A., Sirianni, C. D., Roth, R., & Erdodi, L. A. (2023). Multivariate models provide an effective psychometric solution to the variability in classification accuracy of D-KEFS Stroop performance validity cutoffs. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 37(3), 617–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2022.2073914

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Daubert v. Merrell Dow, 6 1 U.S.L.W. 4805, 113 S. Ct. 2786 (1993)

Davis, J. J. (2014). Further consideration of Advanced Clinical Solutions Word Choice: Comparison to the Recognition Memory Test – Words and classification accuracy on a clinical sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(8), 1278–1294. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2014.975844

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Denning, J. H. (2023). When failing one performance validity test matters. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2023.2285503

Denning, J. H. (2012). The efficiency and accuracy of the test of memory malingering trial 1, errors on the first 10 items of the test of memory malingering, and five embedded measures in predicting invalid test performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(4), 417–432. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acs044

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donders, J. & Strong, C. H. (2011). Embedded effort indicators on the California Verbal Learning Test – second edition (CVLT-II): An attempted cross-validation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25, 173–184.

Donders, J., & Hayden, A. (2022). Utility of the D-KEFS color word interference test as an embedded measure of performance validity after traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(7), 1964–1974. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1861659

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dunn, A., Pyne, S., Tyson, B., Roth, R., Shahein, A., & Erdodi, L. A. (2021). Critical item analysis enhances the classification of the logical memory recognition trial as a performance validity indicator. Developmental Neuropsychology, 46(5), 327–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2021.1956499

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., & Abeare, C. A. (2020). Stronger together: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – fourth edition as a multivariate performance validity test in patients with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 35(2), 188–204. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz032/5613200

Erdodi, L. A., & Lichtenstein, J. D. (2021). Information processing speed tests as PVTs. In K. B. Boone (Ed.), Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment. A neuropsychological perspective (218–247). New York, NY: Guilford.

Erdodi, L., Calamia, M., Holcomb, M., Robinson, A., Rasmussen, L., & Bianchini, K. (2023). M is For performance validity: The IOP-M provides a cost-effective measure of the credibility of memory deficits during neuropsychological evaluations. Advance online publication. Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/24732850.2023.2168581

Erdodi, L. A. (2019). Aggregating validity indicators: The salience of domain specificity and the indeterminate range in multivariate models of performance validity assessment. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 26(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2017.1384925

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A. (2021). Five shades of gray: Conceptual and methodological issues around multivariate models of performance validity. NeuroRehabilitation, 49(2), 179–213. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-218020

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A. (2023a). From “below chance” to “a single error is one too many”: Evaluating various thresholds for invalid performance on two forced choice recognition tests. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 41, 445–462. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2609

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A. (2023b). Cutoff elasticity in multivariate models of performance validity assessment as a function of the number of components and aggregation method. Psychological Injury and Law, 16, 328–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-023-09490-4

Article  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A. (2023c). Multivariate models of performance validity: The Erdodi index captures the dual nature of non-credible responding (continuous and categorical). Assessment, 30(5), 1467–1485. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911221101910

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., Abeare, C. A., Medoff, B., Seke, K. R., Sagar, S., & Kirsch, N. L. (2018). A single error is one too many: The forced choice recognition trial on the CVLT-II as a measure of performance validity in adults with TBI. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 33(7), 845–860. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acx110

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., Hurtubise, J. H., Brantuo, M., Cutler, L., Kennedy, A., & Hirst, R. (2021). Old vs new: The classic and D-KEFS trails as embedded performance validity indicators and measures of psychomotor speed/executive function. Archives of Assessment Psychology, 11(1), 137–161.

Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., Kirsch, N. L., Lajiness-O’Neill, R., Vingilis, E., & Medoff, B. (2014). Comparing the recognition memory test and the word choice test in a mixed clinical sample: Are they equivalent? Psychological Injury and Law, 7(3), 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-014-9197-8

Article  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., Kirsch, N. L., Sabelli, A. G., & Abeare, C. A. (2018). The Grooved Pegboard test as a validity indicator – A study on psychogenic interference as a confound in performance validity research. Psychological Injury and Law, 11(4), 307–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-018-9337-7

Article  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., & Lichtenstein, J. D. (2017). Invalid before impaired: An emerging paradox of embedded validity indicators. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(6–7), 1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1323119

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., Pelletier, C. L., & Roth, R. M. (2018). Elevations on select Conners’ CPT-II scales indicate noncredible responding in adults with traumatic brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 25(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2016.1232262

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., & Rai, J. K. (2017). A single error is one too many: Examining alternative cutoffs on trial 2 on the TOMM. Brain Injury, 31(10), 1362–1368. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1332386

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., Abeare, C. A., Lichtenstein, J. D., Tyson, B., & T., Kucharski, B., Zuccato, B. G., & Roth, R. M. (2017). WAIS-IV processing speed scores as measures of non-credible responding – The third generation of embedded performance validity indicators. Psychological Assessment, 29(2), 148–157.