American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Book  Google Scholar 

Ruscio AM, Hallion LS, Lim CCW, et al. Cross-sectional comparison of the epidemiology of DSM-5 Generalized Anxiety Disorder across the Globe. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(5):465–75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stein MB, Sareen J. Generalized anxiety disorder. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(21):2059–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borsboom D. A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(1):5–13.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jordan DG, Winer ES, Salem T. The current status of temporal network analysis for clinical science: considerations as the paradigm shifts? J Clin Psychol. 2020;76(9):1591–612.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fried EI, Nesse RM. Depression sum-scores don’t add up: why analyzing specific depression symptoms is essential. BMC Med. 2015;13:72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hofmann SG, Curtiss J, McNally RJ. A complex network perspective on clinical science. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2016;11(5):597–605.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Behar E, DiMarco ID, Hekler EB, Mohlman J, Staples AM. Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): conceptual review and treatment implications. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23(8):1011–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wells A. The metacognitive model of GAD: assessment of meta-worry and relationship with DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder. Cogn Ther Res. 2005;29(1):107–21.

Article  Google Scholar 

Turk CL, Heimberg RG, Luterek JA, Mennin DS, Fresco DM. (2005). Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Ther Res. 2005;29(1), 89–106.

Mennin DS, Turk CL, Fresco DM, Heimberg RG. Deficits in the regulation of emotion: A new direction for understanding generalized anxiety disorder. New Orleans LA: In annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy; 2000.

Cramer AOJ, Waldorp LJ, van der Maas HLJ, Borsboom D. Comorbidity: a network perspective. Behav Brain Sci. 2010;33(2–3):137–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elliott H, Jones PJ, Schmidt U. Central symptoms predict posttreatment outcomes and clinical impairment in anorexia nervosa: a network analysis. Clin Psychol Sci. 2019;8(1):139–54.

Article  Google Scholar 

Heeren A, Hanseeuw B, Cougnon LA, Lits G. Excessive worrying as a central feature of anxiety during the first COVID-19 lockdown-phase in Belgium: insights from a network approach. Psychol Belg. 2021;61(1):401–18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ge F, Zheng A, Wan M, Luo G, Zhang J. Psychological state among the general Chinese population before and during the COVID-19 epidemic: a network analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:591656.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heeren A, Bernstein EE, McNally RJ. Deconstructing trait anxiety: a network perspective. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2018;31(3):262–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu L, Ren L, Li F, Shi K, Fang P, Wang X, Feng T, Wu S, Liu X. Network Analysis of Anxiety Symptoms in Front-Line Medical Staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain Sci. 2023;13(8):1155.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fisher AJ, Reeves JW, Lawyer G, Medaglia JD, Rubel JA. Exploring the idiographic dynamics of mood and anxiety via network analysis. J Abnorm Psychol. 2017;126(8):1044–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Groen RN, Ryan O, Wigman JTW, et al. Comorbidity between depression and anxiety: assessing the role of bridge mental states in dynamic psychological networks. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):308.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beard C, Millner AJ, Forgeard MJC, et al. Network analysis of depression and anxiety symptom relationships in a psychiatric sample. Psychol Med. 2016;46(16):3359–69.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Curtiss J, Klemanski DH. Taxonicity and network structure of generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder: an admixture analysis and complex network analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;199:99–105.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McElroy E, Fearon P, Belsky J, Fonagy P, Patalay P. Networks of depression and anxiety symptoms Across Development. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;57(12):964–73.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garabiles MR, Lao CK, Xiong YX, Hall BJ. Exploring comorbidity between anxiety and depression among migrant Filipino domestic workers: a network approach. J Affect Disord. 2019;250:85–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cai H, Bai W, Liu HZ, Chen X, Qi H, Liu R, et al. Network analysis of depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents during the later stage of the COVID-19 pan- demic. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12:1–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Hu Z, Feng Y, Wilson A, Chen R. Changes in network centrality of psychopathology symptoms between the COVID-19 outbreak and after peak. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25(12):3140–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ren L, Wang Y, Wu L, et al. Network structure of depression and anxiety symptoms in Chinese female nursing students. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):279.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wei Z, Ren L, Wang X, et al. Network of depression and anxiety symptoms in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2021;175:106696.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bai W, Cai H, Liu S, et al. Anxiety and depressive symptoms in college students during the late stage of the COVID-19 outbreak: a network approach. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):638.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Ren L, Xue X, et al. The comorbidity of depression and anxiety symptoms in tinnitus sufferers: a network analysis. Brain Sci. 2023;13(4):583.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Price M, Legrand AC, Brier ZMF, Hebert-Dufresne L. The symptoms at the center: examining the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and depression with network analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;109:52–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilbar O. Examining the boundaries between ICD-11 PTSD/CPTSD and depression and anxiety symptoms: a network analysis perspective. J Affect Disord. 2020;262:429–39.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levinson CA, Zerwas S, Calebs B, et al. The core symptoms of bulimia nervosa, anxiety, and depression: a network analysis. J Abnorm Psychol. 2017;126(3):340–54.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith KE, Mason TB, Crosby RD, et al. A comparative network analysis of eating disorder psychopathology and co-occurring depression and anxiety symptoms before and after treatment. Psychol Med. 2019;49(2):314–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bekhuis E, Schoevers RA, van Borkulo CD, Rosmalen JGM, Boschloo L. The network structure of major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and somatic symptomatology. Psychol Med. 2016;46(14):2989–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ren L, Wei Z, Li Y, et al. The relations between different components of intolerance of uncertainty and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder: a network analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):448.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Coussement C, Heeren A. Sleep problems as a transdiagnostic hub bridging impaired attention control, generalized anxiety, and depression. J Affect Disord. 2022;296:305–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Everaert J, Joormann J. Emotion regulation difficulties related to depression and anxiety: a network approach to model relations among symptoms, positive reappraisal, and repetitive negative thinking. Clin Psychol Sci. 2019;7(6):1304–18.

Article  Google Scholar 

Liang S, Liu C, Rotaru K, et al. The relations between emotion regulation, depression and anxiety among medical staff during the late stage of COVID-19 pandemic: a network analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2022;317:114863.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoffart A, Johnson SU, Ebrahimi OV. The network of stress-related states and depression and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown. J Affect Disord. 2021;294:671–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zavlis O, Butter S, Bennett K et al. How does the COVID-19 pandemic impact on population mental health? A network analysis of COVID influences on depression, anxiety and traumatic stress in the UK population. Psychol Med. 2021;1–9.

Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greene T, Gelkopf M, Epskamp S, Fried E. Dynamic networks of PTSD symptoms during conflict. Psychol Med. 2018;48(14):2409–17.