Melrose DG, Dreyer B, Bentall HH, Baker JB. Elective cardiac arrest. Lancet. 1955;269(6879):21–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(55)93381-x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Stewart PA. Independent and dependent variables of acid-base control. Respir Physiol. 1978;33(1):9–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(78)90079-8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
P S. How to understand acid–base. A quantitative acid–base primer for biology and medicine. Elsevier Google Scholar, New York; 1981.
Mallat J, Barrailler S, Lemyze M, Pepy F, Gasan G, Tronchon L, Thevenin D. Use of sodium-chloride difference and corrected anion gap as surrogates of Stewart variables in critically ill patients. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(2): e56635. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056635.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lombardi G, Ferraro PM, Bargagli M, Naticchia A, D’Alonzo S, Gambaro G. Hyperchloremia and acute kidney injury: a retrospective observational cohort study on a general mixed medical-surgical not ICU-hospitalized population. Intern Emerg Med. 2020;15(2):273–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-019-02165-6.
Kimura S, de la Hoz MAA, Raines NH, Celi LA. Association of chloride ion and sodium-chloride difference with acute kidney injury and mortality in critically Ill patients. Crit Care Explor. 2020;2(12): e0247. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCE.0000000000000247.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sen A, Keener CM, Sileanu FE, Foldes E, Clermont G, Murugan R, Kellum JA. Chloride content of fluids used for large-volume resuscitation is associated with reduced survival. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(2):e146–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002063.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Raghunathan K, Shaw A, Nathanson B, Sturmer T, Brookhart A, Stefan MS, Setoguchi S, Beadles C, Lindenauer PK. Association between the choice of IV crystalloid and in-hospital mortality among critically ill adults with sepsis*. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(7):1585–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000305.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Beran A, Altorok N, Srour O, Malhas SE, Khokher W, Mhanna M, Ayesh H, Aladamat N, Abuhelwa Z, Srour K, Mahmood A, Altorok N, Taleb M, Assaly R. Balanced crystalloids versus normal saline in adults with sepsis: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2022;11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11071971.
Ledingham SJ, Braimbridge MV, Hearse DJ. The St. Thomas’ hospital cardioplegic solution. A comparison of the efficacy of two formulations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1987;93(2):240–6.
Matte GS, del Nido PJ. History and use of del Nido cardioplegia solution at Boston Children’s Hospital. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2012;44(3):98–103.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Misra S, Srinivasan A, Jena SS, Bellapukonda S. Myocardial protection in adult cardiac surgery with del Nido versus blood cardioplegia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Lung Circ. 2021;30(5):642–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2020.10.016.
O’Brien SM, Clarke DR, Jacobs JP, Jacobs ML, Lacour-Gayet FG, Pizarro C, Welke KF, Maruszewski B, Tobota Z, Miller WJ, Hamilton L, Peterson ED, Mavroudis C, Edwards FH. An empirically based tool for analyzing mortality associated with congenital heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;138(5):1139–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.03.071.
Kellum JA, Lameire N, Group KAGW. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (Part 1). Crit Care. 2013;17(1):204. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc11454.
Krajewski ML, Raghunathan K, Paluszkiewicz SM, Schermer CR, Shaw AD. Meta-analysis of high- versus low-chloride content in perioperative and critical care fluid resuscitation. Br J Surg. 2015;102(1):24–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9651.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM, Wang L, Byrne DW, Stollings JL, Kumar AB, Hughes CG, Hernandez A, Guillamondegui OD, May AK, Weavind L, Casey JD, Siew ED, Shaw AD, Bernard GR, Rice TW, Investigators S, the Pragmatic Critical Care Research G. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):829–39. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1711584.
Self WH, Semler MW, Wanderer JP, Wang L, Byrne DW, Collins SP, Slovis CM, Lindsell CJ, Ehrenfeld JM, Siew ED, Shaw AD, Bernard GR, Rice TW, Investigators S-E. Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Noncritically Ill Adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):819–28. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1711586.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Suetrong B, Pisitsak C, Boyd JH, Russell JA, Walley KR. Hyperchloremia and moderate increase in serum chloride are associated with acute kidney injury in severe sepsis and septic shock patients. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):315. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1499-7.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang Z, Xu X, Fan H, Li D, Deng H. Higher serum chloride concentrations are associated with acute kidney injury in unselected critically ill patients. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:235. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2369-14-235.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Marttinen M, Wilkman E, Petäjä L, Suojaranta-Ylinen R, Pettilä V, Vaara ST. Association of plasma chloride values with acute kidney injury in the critically ill - a prospective observational study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016;60(6):790–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.12694.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hansen PB, Jensen BL, Skott O. Chloride regulates afferent arteriolar contraction in response to depolarization. Hypertension. 1998;32(6):1066–70.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chowdhury AH, Cox EF, Francis ST, Lobo DN. A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte® 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. Ann Surg. 2012;256(1):18–24. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e318256be72.
Wilcox CS. Regulation of renal blood flow by plasma chloride. J Clin Invest. 1983;71(3):726–35.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C, Story D, Ho L, Bailey M. Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA. 2012;308(15):1566–72. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.13356.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kellum JA, Song M, Li J. Lactic and hydrochloric acids induce different patterns of inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004;286(4):R686–92. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00564.2003.
Kellum JA, Song M, Almasri E. Hyperchloremic acidosis increases circulating inflammatory molecules in experimental sepsis. Chest. 2006;130(4):962–7. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.4.962.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kimura S, Iwasaki T, Shimizu K, Kanazawa T, Kawase H, Shioji N, Kuroe Y, Matsuoka Y, Isoyama S, Morimatsu H. Hyperchloremia is not an independent risk factor for postoperative acute kidney injury in pediatric cardiac patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33(7):1939–45. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2018.12.009.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Van Regenmortel N, Verbrugghe W, Van den Wyngaert T, Jorens PG. Impact of chloride and strong ion difference on ICU and hospital mortality in a mixed intensive care population. Ann Intensive Care. 2016;6(1):91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-016-0193-x.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kantathut N, Cherntanomwong P, Khajarern S, Leelayana P. Lactated Ringer’s as a base solution for del Nido Cardioplegia. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2019;51(3):153–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nakao M, Morita K, Shinohara G, Kunihara T. Modified Del Nido Cardioplegia and Its evaluation in a piglet model. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021;33(1):84–92. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semtcvs.2020.03.002.
Kimura S, Shabsigh M, Morimatsu H. Traditional approach versus Stewart approach for acid-base disorders: inconsistent evidence. SAGE Open Med. 2018;6:2050312118801255. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312118801255.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kurt A, Ecevit A, Ozkiraz S, Ince DA, Akcan AB, Tarcan A. The use of chloride-sodium ratio in the evaluation of metabolic acidosis in critically ill neonates. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171(6):963–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-011-1666-4.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Havlin J, Matousovic K, Schuck O. Sodium-chloride difference as a simple parameter for acid-base status assessment. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;69(5):707–8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.12.019.
Comments (0)