Sharma SK, McIntire DD, Wiley J, Leveno KJ. Labor analgesia and cesarean delivery: an individual patient meta-analysis of nulliparous women. Anesthesiology 2004;100:142–8; discussion 6A

Liu EH, Sia AT. Rates of caesarean section and instrumental vaginal delivery in nulliparous women after low concentration epidural infusions or opioid analgesia: systematic review. BMJ. 2004;328:1410.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leighton BL, Halpern SH. The effects of epidural analgesia on labor, maternal, and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:S69-77.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lieberman E, Davidson K, Lee-Parritz A, Shearer E. Changes in fetal position during labor and their association with epidural analgesia. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:974–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shields SG, Ratcliffe SD, Fontaine P, Leeman L. Dystocia in nulliparous women. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:1671–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leighton BL, Halpern SH, Wilson DB. Lumbar sympathetic blocks speed early and second stage induced labor in nulliparous women. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:1039–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong CA, Scavone BM, Peaceman AM, McCarthy RJ, Sullivan JT, Diaz NT, et al. The risk of cesarean delivery with neuraxial analgesia given early versus late in labor. N Engl J Med 2005;352:655-65

ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 107: Induction of labor. Obstet Gynecol 2009;114:386-97

Penfield CA, Wing DA. Labor induction techniques: which is the best? Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2017;44:567–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Furuya N, Hasegawa J, Saji S, Homma C, Nishimura Y, Suzuki N. Optimal cervical-ripening method for labor induction in Japan after the era of controlled-release dinoprostone vaginal insert. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2023;50:140–46

Gynecology JSoOa, editor. Glossary of obstetrics and gynecology Terms. 4th ed. Tokyo: Kyorin-sha; 2018.

Tenore JL. Methods for cervical ripening and induction of labor. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67:2123–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu YR, Pu CX, Wang XY, Wang XY. Double-balloon catheter versus dinoprostone insert for labour induction: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2019;299:7–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jozwiak M, Oude Rengerink K, Ten Eikelder ML, van Pampus MG, Dijksterhuis MG, de Graaf IM, et al. Foley catheter or prostaglandin E2 inserts for induction of labour at term: an open-label randomized controlled trial (PROBAAT-P trial) and systematic review of literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013;170:137–45

Cromi A, Ghezzi F, Uccella S, Agosti M, Serati M, Marchitelli G, Bolis P. A randomized trial of preinduction cervical ripening: dinoprostone vaginal insert versus double-balloon catheter. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207(125):e1-7.

Google Scholar 

Thomas J, Fairclough A, Kavanagh J, Kelly AJ. Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;2014:CD003101.

Shirley M. Dinoprostone Vaginal insert: a review in cervical ripening. Drugs 2018;78:1615–24

Bakker R, Pierce S, Myers D. The role of prostaglandins E1 and E2, dinoprostone, and misoprostol in cervical ripening and the induction of labor: a mechanistic approach. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017;296:167–79.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li WJ, Lu JW, Zhang CY, Wang WS, Ying H, Myatt L, Sun K. PGE2 vs PGF2alpha in human parturition. Placenta. 2021;104:208–19.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith GC, Wu WX, Nathanielsz PW. Effects of gestational age and labor on the expression of prostanoid receptor genes in pregnant baboon cervix. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2001;63:153–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yokoyama N, Suzuki S. Comparison of obstetric outcomes between controlled-release dinoprostone vaginal delivery system (PROPESS) and administration of oral dinoprostone for labor induction in multiparous women at term. Cureus. 2023;15:e40907.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cohen WR, Friedman EA. The latent phase of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023;228:S1017–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Polonia Valente R, Santos P, Ferraz T, Montenegro N, Rodrigues T. Effect of obesity on labor duration among nulliparous women with epidural analgesia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33:2195–201.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tilden EL, Phillippi JC, Ahlberg M, King TL, Dissanayake M, Lee CS, Snowden JM, et al. Describing latent phase duration and associated characteristics among 1281 low-risk women in spontaneous labor. Birth 2019;46:592–601

Chen S, Ye S, Wu C, Jia X, Li S, Zeng X. Effects of epidural analgesia at 1 cm cervical dilatation on labor interventions in full-term primigravida: a retrospective cohort study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2023;49:1545–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shiro M, Nakahata K, Minami S, Kawamata T, Ino K. Perinatal outcome of vaginal delivery with epidural analgesia initiated at the early or late phase of labor period: a retrospective cohort study in the Japanese population. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2018;44:1415–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar