Funding

No external funding was used in the preparation of this article.

Conflict of Interest/Competing Interests

Monica Niger received travel expenses from AstraZeneca, speaker honoraria from Accademia della Medicina and Incyte; honoraria from Sandoz, Medpoint SRL, Incyte, and Servier for editorial collaboration; and consultant honoraria from EMD Serono, Basilea Pharmaceutica, Incyte, MSD Italia, Servier, Astrazeneca, and Taiho. TP: Swedish Orpahn Biovitrum AB, Ability Pharmaceuticals SL, Aptitude Health, AstraZeneca, Basilea Pharma, Baxter, BioLineRX Ltd, Celgene, Eisai, Ellipses, Genzyme, Got It Consulting SL, Hirslanden/GITZ, Imedex, Incyte, Ipsen Bioscience , Inc, Janssen, Lilly. Marketing Farmacéutico & Investigación Clínica, S.L, MDS, Medscape, Novocure, Paraxel, PPD Development, Polaris, QED Therapeutics, Roche Farma, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, Scilink Comunicación Científica SC, Surface Oncology, and Zymeworks. Tiziana Pressiani received/reports consulting fees from Bayer, Ipsen, and Astra Zeneca; institutional research funding from Roche, Bayer, and Astra Zeneca; and travel accommodations from Roche. Lorenza Rimassa declares consulting/advisory roles for AstraZeneca, Basilea, Bayer, BMS, Eisai, Exelixis, Genenta, Hengrui, Incyte, Ipsen, IQVIA, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, MSD, Nerviano Medical Sciences, Roche, Servier, Taiho Oncology, Zymeworks; honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Eisai, Incyte, Ipsen, Merck Serono, Roche, and Servier; travel expenses from AstraZeneca; and research funding (to institution) from Agios, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Eisai, Exelixis, Fibrogen, Incyte, Ipsen, Lilly, MSD, Nerviano Medical Sciences, Roche, and Zymeworks. Sara Lonardi reports research funding (to institution) from Amgen, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daichii Sankyo, Hutchinson, Incyte, Merck Serono, Mirati, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, and Servier; personal honoraria as an invited speaker from Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Incyte, GSK, Lilly, Merck Serono, MSD, Pierre-Fabre, Roche, and Servier; and participation in advisory boards for Amgen, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, GSK, Incyte, Lilly, Merck Serono, MSD, Servier, and Takeda. Lorenzo Fornaro reports personal honoraria as an invited speaker from Incyte, Bristol Myers Squibb and Lilly; research funding (to institution) from MSD, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Incyte, BeiGene, Astellas, Daiichi Sankyo, and Roche; and participation in advisory boards for MSD, AstraZeneca, Incyte, Taiho, Servier, Daiichi Sankyo, and Lilly. Margherita Rimini, Eleonora Loi, Mario Domenico Rizzato, Caterina Vivaldi, Eleonora Gusmaroli, Lorenzo Antonuzzo, Erika Martinelli, Ingrid Garajova, Guido Giordano, Jessica Lucchetti, Marta Schirripa, Noemi Cornara, Federico Rossari, Francesco Vitiello, Elisabeth Amadeo, Mara Persano, Vittoria Matilde Piva, Rita Balsano, Francesca Salani, Chiara Pircher, Stefano Cascinu, Mario Scartozzi, Patrizia Zavattari, Andrea Casadei-Gardini have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

Ethics Approval

The ethics review board of each institutional hospital approved the present study. This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to Participate

Written informed consent for treatment was obtained for all patients.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Availability of Data and Material

Data are available on request from the authors.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

Authors’ Contributions

Conception and design: EL, MR, PZ, AC-G; acquisition of data (acquired and managed patients): all authors. analysis and interpretation of data: EL, MR, PZi, AC-G; writing, review, and/or revision of the manuscript: EL, MR, PZ, AC-G; final approval of manuscript: all authors.