Arida A, Protogerou AD, Kitas GD, Sfikakis PP (2018) Systemic inflammatory response and atherosclerosis: the paradigm of chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071890

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Drosos GC, Vedder D, Houben E et al (2022) EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. https://doi.org/10.1136/ANNRHEUMDIS-2021-221733

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agca R, Heslinga SC, Rollefstad S et al (2017) EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis 76:17–28. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209775

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao SS, Robertson S, Reich T et al (2020) Prevalence and impact of comorbidities in axial spondyloarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaa246

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hintenberger R, Affenzeller B, Vladychuk V, Pieringer H (2023) Cardiovascular risk in axial spondyloarthritis-a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10067-023-06655-Z

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Atzeni F, Nucera V, Galloway J et al (2020) Cardiovascular risk in ankylosing spondylitis and the effect of anti-TNF drugs: a narrative review. Expert Opin Biol Ther 20:517–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2020.1704727

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Papagoras C, Markatseli TE, Saougou I et al (2014) Cardiovascular risk profile in patients with spondyloarthritis. Jt Bone Spine 81:57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2013.03.019

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rueda-Gotor J, Quevedo-Abeledo JC, Corrales A et al (2020) Reclassification into very-high cardiovascular risk after carotid ultrasound in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 38:724–731. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.3746

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arida A, Protogerou AD, Konstantonis G et al (2015) Subclinical atherosclerosis is not accelerated in patients with ankylosing spondylitis with low disease activity: new data and metaanalysis of published studies. J Rheumatol 42:2098–2105. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.150316

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Popa C, Netea MG, Van Riel PLCM et al (2007) The role of TNF-α in chronic inflammatory conditions, intermediary metabolism, and cardiovascular risk. J Lipid Res 48:751–762. https://doi.org/10.1194/JLR.R600021-JLR200

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Solomon DH, Curtis JR, Saag KG et al (2013) Cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: comparing TNF-α blockade with nonbiologic DMARDs. Am J Med 126:730.e9-730.e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.02.016

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A. A, A.D. P, G. K, et al (2017) Atherosclerosis is not accelerated in rheumatoid arthritis of low activity or remission, regardless of antirheumatic treatment modalities. Rheumatology 56:934–939. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kew506

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Unzueta MT, De Matias JM et al (2006) Influence of anti-TNF-alpha infliximab therapy on adhesion molecules associated with atherogenesis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 24:373–379

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fragoulis GE, Soulaidopoulos S, Sfikakis PP et al (2021) Effect of biologics on cardiovascular inflammation: mechanistic insights and risk reduction. J Inflamm Res 14:1915. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S282691

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bartels CM, Johnson H, Voelker K et al (2014) Impact of rheumatoid arthritis on receiving a diagnosis of hypertension among patients with regular primary care. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 66:1281–1288. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22302

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Protogerou AD, Panagiotakos DB, Zampeli E et al (2013) Arterial hypertension assessed "out-of-office" in a contemporary cohort of rheumatoid arthritis patients free of cardiovascular disease is characterized by high prevalence, low awareness, poor control and increased vascular damage-associated "white coat" phenomenon. Arthritis Res Ther 15:R142. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar4324

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van Der LS, Valkenburg HA, Cats A (1984) Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. a proposal for modification of the New York criteria. Arthritis Rheum 27:361–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/ART.1780270401

Article  Google Scholar 

Garrett S, Jenkinson T, Kennedy LG et al (1994) A new approach to defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis: the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. J Rheumatol 21:2286–2291

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calin A, Garrett S, Whitelock H et al (1994) A new approach to defining functional ability in ankylosing spondylitis: the development of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index. J Rheumatol 21:2281–2285

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM et al (2022) 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur J Prev Cardiol 29:5–115. https://doi.org/10.1093/EURJPC/ZWAB154

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Protogerou AD, Fransen J, Zampeli E et al (2015) The additive value of femoral ultrasound for subclinical atherosclerosis assessment in a single center cohort of 962 adults, including high risk patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132307

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stamatelopoulos KS, Kitas GD, Papamichael CM et al (2009) Atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis versus diabetes: a comparative study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29:1702–1708. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.190108

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Collaboration S working group and EC risk, Hageman S, Pennells L et al (2021) SCORE2 risk prediction algorithms: new models to estimate 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Europe. Eur Heart J 42:2439–2454. https://doi.org/10.1093/EURHEARTJ/EHAB309

Article  Google Scholar 

van Sijl AM, van Eijk IC, Peters MJL et al (2015) Tumour necrosis factor blocking agents and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 74:119–123. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203934

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Terentes-Printzios D, Vlachopoulos C, Xaplanteris P et al (2017) Cardiovascular risk factors accelerate progression of vascular aging in the general population: results from the CRAVE study (cardiovascular risk factors affecting vascular age). Hypertens (Dallas, Tex 1979) 70:1057–1064. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09633

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wu S, Su X, Zuo Y et al (2023) Discordance between remnant cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol predicts arterial stiffness progression. Hellenic J Cardiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HJC.2023.05.008

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tian X, Chen S, Wang P et al (2023) The impact of serum acid, arterial stiffness, and hypertension as a mediating factor: a cohort study. Hellenic J Cardiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HJC.2023.07.009

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Papazoglou N, Kravvariti E, Konstantonis G et al (2023) The impact of traditional cardiovascular risk factor control on 7-year follow-up atherosclerosis progression in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). https://doi.org/10.1093/RHEUMATOLOGY/KEAD184

Article  Google Scholar 

Baghdadi LR, Woodman RJ, Shanahan EM, Mangoni AA (2015) The impact of traditional cardiovascular risk factors on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10:e0117952. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117952

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK et al (2022) Statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA 328:746–753. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2022.13044

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peters MJ, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Dijkmans BA, Nurmohamed MT (2004) Cardiovascular risk profile of patients with spondylarthropathies, particularly ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 34:585–592

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mathieu S, Soubrier M (2018) Cardiovascular events in ankylosing spondylitis: a 2018 meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis Annrheumdis. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213317

Article  Google Scholar 

Huang JX, Lee YH, Cheng-Chung Wei J (2022) Benefits of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for cardiovascular disease in ankylosing spondylitis. Int Immunopharmacol 112:109207. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INTIMP.2022.109207

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tam L-S, Kitas GD, Gonzalez-Gay MA (2014) Can suppression of inflammation by anti-TNF prevent progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in inflammatory arthritis? Rheumatology 53:1108–1119. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ket454

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mathieu S, Pereira B, Couderc M et al (2013) No significant changes in arterial stiffness in patients with ankylosing spondylitis after tumour necrosis factor alpha blockade treatment for 6 and 12 months. Rheumatol (United Kingdom) 52:204–209. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kes272

Article  CAS