La Rosée P, Horne A, Hines M, Von Bahr GT, Machowicz R, Berliner N et al (2019) Recommendations for the management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults. Blood 133(23):2465–2477. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2018894618

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Esteban YM, De Jong JLO, Tesher MS (2017) An overview of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Ann 46(8):e309–e313. https://doi.org/10.3928/19382359-20170717-01

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhatt NS, Oshrine B, An Talano J (2019) Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults. Leuk Lymphoma 60(1):19–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2018.1482543

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Henter JI, Horne A, Aricó M, Egeler RM, Filipovich AH, Imashuku S et al (2007) HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 48(2):124–131. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.21039

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Henter JI, Aricò M, Egeler RM, Elinder G, Favara BE, Filipovich AH et al (1997) HLH-94: a treatment protocol for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. HLH study Group of the Histiocyte Society. Med Pediatr Oncol 28(5):342–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-911x(199705)28:5<342::aid-mpo3>3.0.co;2-h

Hashemi-Sadraei N, Vejpongsa P, Baljevic M, Chen L, Idowu M (2015) Epstein-barr virus-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: hematologic emergency in the critical care setting. Case Rep Hematol 2015:491567. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/491567

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Honsig C, Beinhardt S, Tomasits J, Dienes HP (2017) Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with fulminant hepatitis and multiorgan failure following primary Epstein-Barr virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. BMJ Case Rep. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-218310

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fernandez MA, Puttur FK, Wang YM, Howden W, Alexander SI, Jones CA (2008) T regulatory cells contribute to the attenuated primary CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses to herpes simplex virus type 2 in neonatal mice. J Immunol 180(3):1556–1564. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1556

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mckeone DJ, Demartini TKM, Kavanagh RP, Halstead ES (2021) Case report: rapid recognition and immune modulation of secondary HLH due to disseminated HSV infection. Front Pediatr 9:681055. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.681055

Article  ADS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cusini A, Günthard HF, Stussi G, Schwarz U, Fehr T, Grueter E et al (2010) Hemophagocytic syndrome caused by primary herpes simplex virus 1 infection: report of a first case. Infection 38(5):423–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-010-0037-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frimmel S, Schipper J, Henschel J, Yu TT, Mitzner SR, Koball S (2014) First description of single-pass albumin dialysis combined with cytokine adsorption in fulminant liver failure and hemophagocytic syndrome resulting from generalized herpes simplex virus 1 infection. Liver Transplant 20(12):1523–1524. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.24005

Article  Google Scholar 

Alidjinou EK, Dewilde A, Terriou L, Lazrek M, Engelmann I, Hober D (2015) Persistent viral DNA detection in blood after primary herpes simplex 1 infection revealed by hepatitis with hemophagocytic syndrome. J Clin Virol 69:101–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2015.06.087

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drori A, Ribak Y, Van Heerden PV, Meir K, Wolf D, Safadi R (2015) Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis due to acute primary herpes simplex virus 1 infection. J Clin Virol 68:6–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2015.04.013

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yabushita T, Yoshioka S, Koba Y, Ono Y, Hiramoto N, Tabata S et al (2017) Successful treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) with acyclovir: a case report and literature review. Intern Med 56(21):2919–2923. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.8490-16

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

States VA, Kapp ME (2022) Herpes simplex virus-1 triggered hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Autops Case Rep 12:e2021395. https://doi.org/10.4322/acr.2021.395

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gu W, Deng X, Lee M, Sucu YD, Arevalo S, Stryke D et al (2021) Rapid pathogen detection by metagenomic next-generation sequencing of infected body fluids. Nat Med 27(1):115–124. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1105-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Z, Zhang J, Hao Z, Meng L, Han Z, Hong Z (2022) Tuberculosis infection related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis diagnosed in patient with GZMB mutation: a case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 101(35):e30283. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000030283

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ehl S, Astigarraga I, Von Bahr GT, Hines M, Horne A, Ishii E et al (2018) Recommendations for the use of etoposide-based therapy and bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of HLH: consensus statements by the HLH Steering Committee of the Histiocyte Society. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 6(5):1508–1517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.031

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar