From the Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (S.V.O., E.S.B., M.I.G., M.A., D.S.R.); qMRI Core facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (H.D., G.N.); Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA (E.S.B.); Office of Biostatistics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (G.N.); Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA (D.L.P.); Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA (M.A.); Experimental Immunotherapeutics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (I.C.M.C.); Neuroimmunology Clinic, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (A.F.); and Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20814, USA (S.J.).

Received for publication April 24, 2023; and accepted for publication, after revision, June 20, 2023.

Funding: This study was supported by the Intramural Research Program of National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health. Martina Absinta was supported by the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation (Marylin Hilton Bridging Award for Physician-Scientists, grant #17313), the International Progressive MS Alliance (PA-2107-38081), the National MS Society (grant #RFA-2203-39325), the Cariplo Foundation (grant #1677), and the FRRB Early Career Award (grant #1750327). Erin Beck is supported by a Career Transition Award from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (TA-1805-31038). Dzung Pham was supported by the National MS Society (grant #RG-1907-34570) and the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (grant #W81XWH-20-1-0912). The opinions and assertions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, the Department of Defense, or the NIH.

Disclosures: Martina Absinta received compensation for consulting service and/or speaking activities from Biogen, GSK, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Abata Therapeutics. Daniel Reich received research support from Abata Therapeutics and Sanofi-Genzyme, unrelated to the current study. Other authors have nothing to disclose.

Data sharing statement: Anonymized imaging and clinical data will be available upon reasonable request.

Correspondence to: Serhat Vahip Okar, MD, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10, Room 5C205, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4128, USA. E-mail: [email protected].

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