Kieling C, Baker-Henningham H, Belfer M et al (2011) Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: evidence for action. Lancet 378(9801):1515–1525. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60827-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nees F, Deserno L, Holz NE et al (2021) Prediction along a developmental perspective in psychiatry: how far might we go? Front Syst Neurosci 15:670404. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2021.670404

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Belcher BR, Zink J, Azad A et al (2021) The roles of physical activity, exercise, and fitness in promoting resilience during adolescence: effects on mental well-being and brain development. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 6(2):225–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.005

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brylka A, Wolke D, Ludyga S et al (2021) Physical activity, mental health, and well-being in very pre-term and term born adolescents: an individual participant data meta-analysis of two accelerometry studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(4):1735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041735

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bowe AK, Healy C, Cannon M, Codd MB (2021) Physical activity and emotional-behavioural difficulties in young people: a longitudinal population-based cohort study. Eur J Public Health 31(1):167–173. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa182

Article  Google Scholar 

Carter T, Pascoe M, Bastounis A et al (2021) The effect of physical activity on anxiety in children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 285:10–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.026

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilson B, Barnett LM (2020) Physical activity interventions to improve the health of children and adolescents in out of home care - a systematic review of the literature. Child Youth Serv Rev 110:104765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104765

Article  Google Scholar 

Wu X, Veugelers PJ, Ohinmaa A (2021) Health behavior, health-related quality of life, and mental health among Canadian children: a population-based cohort study. Front Nutr 8:638259. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.638259

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lambez B, Harwood-Gross A, Golumbic EZ, Rassovsky Y  (2020) Non-pharmacological interventions for cognitive difficulties in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 120:40–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.10.007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miklós M, Komáromy D, Futó J, Balázs J (2020) Acute physical activity, executive function, and attention performance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and typically developing children: an experimental study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(11):4071. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114071

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vysniauske R, Verburgh L, Oosterlaan J, Molendijk ML (2020) The effects of physical exercise on functional outcomes in the treatment of ADHD: a meta-analysis. J Atten Disord 24(5):644–654. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715627489

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loewen OK, Maximova K, Ekwaru JP et al (2020) Adherence to life-style recommendations and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a population-based study of children aged 10 to 11 years. Psychosom Med 82(3):305–315. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000787

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biddle SJ, Ciaccioni S, Thomas G, Vergeer I (2019) Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: an updated review of reviews and an analysis of causality. Psychol Sport Exerc 42:146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.011

Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization (2019) Motion for your mind: physical activity for mental health promotion, protection and care. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/403182/WHO-Motion-for-your-mind-ENG.pdf

Murray AL, Eisner M, Nagin D, Ribeaud D (2022) A multi-trajectory analysis of commonly co-occurring mental health issues across childhood and adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31(1):145–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01679-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gutman LM, Joshi H, Schoon I (2019) Developmental trajectories of conduct problems and cumulative risk from early childhood to adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 48(2):181–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0971-x

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vella SA, Gardner LA, Swann C, Allen MS (2019) Trajectories and predictors of risk for mental health problems throughout childhood. Child Adolesc Ment Health 24(2):142–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12279

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flouri E, Papachristou E, Midouhas E et al (2018) Early adolescent outcomes of joint developmental trajectories of problem behavior and IQ in childhood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27(12):1595–1605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1155-7

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nivard MG, Lubke GH, Dolan CV et al (2017) Joint developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing disorders between childhood and adolescence. Dev Psychopathol 29(3):919–928. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579416000572

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lancefield KS, Raudino A, Downs JM, Laurens KR (2016) Trajectories of childhood internalizing and externalizing psychopathology and psychotic-like experiences in adolescence: a prospective population-based cohort study. Dev Psychopathol 28(2):527–536. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415001108

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parkes A, Sweeting H, Wight D (2016) Early childhood precursors and school age correlates of different internalising problem trajectories among young children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 44(7):1333–1346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0116-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wiggins JL, Mitchell C, Hyde LW, Monk CS (2015) Identifying early pathways of risk and resilience: the codevelopment of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and the role of harsh parenting. Dev Psychopathol 27(4 Pt 1):1295–1312. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579414001412

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Augustine L, Lygnegård F, Granlund M (2022) Trajectories of participation, mental health, and mental health problems in adolescents with self-reported neurodevelopmental disorders. Disabil Rehabil 44(9):1595–1608. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2021.1955304

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewis AJ, Sae-Koew JH, Toumbourou JW, Rowland B (2020) Gender differences in trajectories of depressive symptoms across childhood and adolescence: a multi-group growth mixture model. J Affect Disord 260:463–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.02

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bauer A, Hammerton G, Fraser A et al (2021) Associations between developmental timing of child abuse and conduct problem trajectories in a UK birth cohort. BMC Psychiatry 21(1):89. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-60834/v3

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kunze B, Wang B, Isensee C et al (2018) Gender associated developmental trajectories of SDQ-dysregulation profile and its predictors in children. Psychol Med 48(3):404–415. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717001714

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shore L, Toumbourou JW, Lewis AJ, Kremer P (2018) Longitudinal trajectories of child and adolescent depressive symptoms and their predictors - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Adolesc Ment Health 23(2):107–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12220

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patalay P, Moulton V, Goodman A, Ploubidis GB (2017) Cross-domain symptom development typologies and their antecedents: results from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 56(9):765-776.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.06.009

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ganjeh P, Hagmayer Y, Meyer T et al (2022) Physical activity and the development of general mental health problems or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children and adolescents: a cross-lagged panel analysis of long-term follow-up epidemiological data. Front Behav Neurosci 16:933139. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.933139

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ganjeh P, Meyer T, Hagmayer Y et al (2021) Physical activity improves mental health in children and adolescents irrespective of the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - a multi-wave analysis using data from the KiGGS study. Int J Environ Res Public Health18(5):2207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052207

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thapar A, Riglin L (2020) The importance of a developmental perspective in psychiatry: what do recent genetic-epidemiological findings show? Mol Psychiatry 25(8):1631–1639. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0648-1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Speyer LG, Neaves S, Hall HA et al (2021) Polygenic risks for joint developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems: findings from the ALSPAC cohort. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 63(8):948–956. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yjc8z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Asherson P, Agnew-Blais J (2019) Annual research review: Does late-onset attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder exist? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 60(4):333–352. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13020

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsai C-J, Chen Y-L, Lin H-Y, Gau SS-F (2017) One-year trajectory analysis for ADHD symptoms and its associated factors in community-based children and adolescents in Taiwan. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 11:28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-017-0165-4

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Musser ED, Karalunas SL, Dieckmann N, Peris TS, Nigg JT (2016) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder developmental trajectories related to parental expressed emotion. J Abnorm Psychol 125(2):182–195. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000097

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central