L. Bartalena, G.J. Kahaly, L. Baldeschi, C.M. Dayan, A. Eckstein, C. Marcocci, M. Marinò, B. Vaidya, W.M. Wiersinga, The 2021 European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves’ orbitopathy. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 185, G43–g67 (2021)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L. Bartalena, E. Piantanida, D. Gallo, A. Lai, M.L. Tanda, Epidemiology, natural history, risk factors, and prevention of Graves’ orbitopathy. Front. Endocrinol. 11, 615993 (2020)

Article  Google Scholar 

L. Bartalena, L. Baldeschi, K. Boboridis, A. Eckstein, G.J. Kahaly, C. Marcocci, P. Perros, M. Salvi, W.M. Wiersinga, The 2016 European Thyroid Association/European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy Guidelines for the Management of Graves’ Orbitopathy. Eur. Thyroid J. 5, 9–26 (2016)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

L. Bartalena, L. Baldeschi, A. Dickinson, A. Eckstein, P. Kendall-Taylor, C. Marcocci, M. Mourits, P. Perros, K. Boboridis, A. Boschi, N. Currò, C. Daumerie, G.J. Kahaly, G.E. Krassas, C.M. Lane, J.H. Lazarus, M. Marinò, M. Nardi, C. Neoh, J. Orgiazzi, S. Pearce, A. Pinchera, S. Pitz, M. Salvi, P. Sivelli, M. Stahl, G. von Arx, W.M. Wiersinga, Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 158, 273–285 (2008)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R.S. Bahn, Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 362, 726–738 (2010)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

W.M. Wiersinga, Quality of life in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 26, 359–370 (2012)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

K.A. Ponto, S. Merkesdal, G. Hommel, S. Pitz, N. Pfeiffer, G.J. Kahaly, Public health relevance of Graves’ orbitopathy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98, 145–152 (2013)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

C.B. Terwee, F.W. Dekker, M.P. Mourits, M.N. Gerding, L. Baldeschi, R. Kalmann, M.F. Prummel, W.M. Wiersinga, Interpretation and validity of changes in scores on the Graves’ ophthalmopathy quality of life questionnaire (GO-QOL) after different treatments. Clin. Endocrinol. 54(3), 391–398 (2001)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

L. Bartalena, W.M. Wiersinga, Proposal for standardization of primary and secondary outcomes in patients with active, moderate-to-severe Graves’ orbitopathy. Eur. thyroid J. 9, 3–16 (2020)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

W. Wiersinga, M. Žarković, L. Bartalena, S. Donati, P. Perros, O. Okosieme, D. Morris, N. Fichter, J. Lareida, G. von Arx, C. Daumerie, M.C. Burlacu, G. Kahaly, S. Pitz, B. Beleslin, J. Ćirić, G. Ayvaz, O. Konuk, F.B. Törüner, M. Salvi, D. Covelli, N. Curro, L. Hegedüs, T. Brix, Predictive score for the development or progression of Graves’ orbitopathy in patients with newly diagnosed Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 178, 635–643 (2018)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R. Negro, L. Hegedüs, R. Attanasio, E. Papini, K.H. Winther, A 2018 European Thyroid Association Survey on the Use of Selenium Supplementation in Graves’ Hyperthyroidism and Graves’ Orbitopathy. Eur. thyroid J. 8, 7–15 (2019)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M. Ventura, M. Melo, F. Carrilho, Selenium and thyroid disease: From pathophysiology to treatment. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2017, 1297658 (2017)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

G. Lanzolla, M. Marinò, C. Marcocci, Selenium in the treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism and eye disease. Front. Endocrinol. 11, 608428 (2021)

Article  Google Scholar 

M. Weissel, Selenium and the course of mild Graves’ orbitopathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 769–770 (2011). author reply 770-761

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

E. Hoppe, A.C.H. Lee, D. Hoppe, G.J. Kahaly, Predictive factors for changes in quality of life after steroid treatment for active moderate-to-severe Graves’ orbitopathy: a prospective trial. Eur. Thyroid J. 9, 313–320 (2021)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M. Lumyongsatien, B. Keeratidamkerngsakul, K. Pornpanich, S. Vangveeravong, P. Saonanon, D. Wiwatwongwana, P. Mahaisavariya, O. Aryasit, K. Pongpirul, Development and psychometric properties of the Thai Graves’ ophthalmopathy quality of life (GO-QOL) questionnaire. J. Patient-Rep. Outcomes 4(1), 1 (2019)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

D. Villagelin, J. Romaldini, J. Andrade, R. Santos, A. Milkos, P. Teixeira, L.S. Ward, Evaluation of quality of life in the Brazilian Graves’ disease population: focus on mild and moderate Graves’ orbitopathy patients. Front. Endocrinol. 10, 192 (2019)

Article  Google Scholar 

C.M. Riguetto, A.M. Neto, M.A. Tambascia, D.E. Zantut-Wittmann, The relationship between quality of life, cognition, and thyroid status in Graves’ disease. Endocrine 63, 87–93 (2019)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Y. Liu, S. Liu, J. Mao, S. Piao, J. Qin, S. Peng, X. Xie, H. Guan, Y. Li, Z. Shan, W. Teng, Serum trace elements profile in Graves’ disease patients with or without orbitopathy in Northeast China. BioMed. Res. Int. 2018, 3029379 (2018)

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

G.J. Kahaly, Management of graves thyroidal and extrathyroidal disease: an update. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 105, 3704–3720 (2020)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

L. Bartalena, M.L. Tanda, E. Piantanida, A. Lai, Oxidative stress and Graves’ ophthalmopathy: in vitro studies and therapeutic implications. BioFactors (Oxf., Engl.) 19, 155–163 (2003)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

T. Diana, K.A. Ponto, G.J. Kahaly, Thyrotropin receptor antibodies and Graves’ orbitopathy. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 44, 703–712 (2021)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

A. George, T. Diana, J. Längericht, G.J. Kahaly, Stimulatory thyrotropin receptor antibodies are a biomarker for Graves’ orbitopathy. Front. Endocrinol. Feb 2 11, 629925 (2021)

Article  Google Scholar 

D. Łacheta, P. Miśkiewicz, A. Głuszko, G. Nowicka, M. Struga, I. Kantor, K.B. Poślednik, S. Mirza, M.J. Szczepański, Immunological aspects of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. BioMed. Res. Int. 2019, 7453260 (2019)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

J.C. Avery, P.R. Hoffmann, Selenium, selenoproteins, and immunity. Nutrients 10, 1203 (2018)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

M. Almanza-Monterrubio, L. Garnica-Hayashi, A. Dávila-Camargo, Á. Nava-Castañeda, Oral selenium improved the disease activity in patients with mild Graves’ orbitopathy. J. francais d’ophtalmologie 44, 643–651 (2021)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

F. Nicolì, G. Lanzolla, M. Mantuano, I. Ionni, B. Mazzi, M. Leo, A. Sframeli, C. Posarelli, M.N. Maglionico, M. Figus, M. Nardi, C. Marcocci, M. Marinò, Correlation between serum anti-TSH receptor autoantibodies (TRAbs) and the clinical feature of Graves’ orbitopathy. J. Endocrinol Investig. 44, 581–585 (2021)

Article  Google Scholar 

Y.J. Choi, H.T. Lim, S.J. Lee, S.Y. Lee, J.S. Yoon, Assessing Graves’ ophthalmopathy-specific quality of life in Korean patients. Eye (Lond., Engl.) 26, 544–551 (2012)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

I.C. Lin, C.C. Lee, S.L. Liao, Assessing quality of life in Taiwanese patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 114(11), 1047–1054 (2015)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

C.Y. Weng, Z.F. Li, S.D. Hu, Y.S. Luo, X.T. Feng, Q. Zhong, Q. Zhang, J. Shen, Evaluation of quality of life in patients with Graves orbitopathy and its influencing factors. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi 58, 577–583 (2019)

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L.C. Delfino, A. Zunino, V. Sapia, M. Croome, V. Ilera, A.T. Gauna, Related quality of life questionnaire specific to dysthyroid ophthalmopathy evaluated in a population of patients with Graves’ disease. Arch. Endocrinol. Metab. 61, 374–381 (2017)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

F. Menconi, M.A. Profilo, M. Leo, E. Sisti, M.A. Altea, R. Rocchi, F. Latrofa, M. Nardi, P. Vitti, C. Marcocci, M. Marinò, Spontaneous improvement of untreated mild Graves’ ophthalmopathy: Rundle’s curve revisited. Thyroid Jan. 24(1), 60–66 (2014)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

P. Anagnostis, K. Boboridis, F. Adamidou, M. Kita, Natural course of mild Graves’ orbitopathy: is it a chronic remitting or a transient disease? J. Endocrinol. Investig. 40, 257–261 (2017)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

G.B. Bartley, V. Fatourechi, E.F. Kadrmas, S.J. Jacobsen, D.M. Ilstrup, J.A. Garrity, C.A. Gorman, Long-term follow-up of Graves ophthalmopathy in an incidence cohort. Ophthalmology 103, 958–962 (1996)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar