From the Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA (Luthringer and Abboud), the Carolina Orthopaedic and Neurosurgical Associates, Greenville-Spartanburg, SC (Luthringer), and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelpha, PA (Horneff).

Abboud or an immediate family member has received royalties from Djo Global, Zimmer-Biomet, Smith and Nephew, Stryker, and Globus Medical, Inc; has received research or institutional support from Lima Corporation—Italy, Orthofix, Arthrex, and Oref; and serves as a board member, owner, officer, or committee member of the American Shoulder and Elbow Society and Pacira. Neither of the following authors nor any immediate family member has received anything of value from or has stock or stock options held in a commercial company or institution related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article: Luthringer and Horneff