aDepartment of Orthopaedics, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;

bDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA;

cDepartment of Orthopaedics, University of Utah Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT;

dDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA;

eDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA;

fDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX;

gDepartment of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR;

hDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA;

iDepartment of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and

jDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Mississippi Medical, Center, Jackson, MS.

Reprints: Robert V. O'Toole, MD, Department of Orthopaedics, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD 21201 (e-mail: [email protected]).

The authors report no conflict of interest related to this research.

N. N. O'Hara receives stock options from Arbutus Medical, Inc unrelated to this research. P. W. Perdue, Jr serves as a board or committee member for the Orthopaedic Trauma Association unrelated to this research. Z. M. Working, serves as a board or committee member for the Orthopaedic Research Society and for the Orthopaedic Trauma Association, unrelated to this research. A. N. El Naga serves as a board or committee member for the North American Spine Society and for the Orthopaedic Trauma Association, unrelated to this research. M. Hogue serves as a paid consultant for DePuy Synthes unrelated to this research. J. Morellato receives research support from DePuy Synthes, serves as a paid presenter or speaker for DePuy Synthes, and serves as a board or committee member for the Orthopaedic Trauma Association, all unrelated to this research. G. P. Slobogean receives research funding from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, the US Department of Defense, and the National Institutes of Health; and serves as a paid consultant for Smith & Nephew and Zimmer; all unrelated to this research. C. Lee serves as a paid consultant for Smith & Nephew and Stryker, serves as a paid consultant and paid presenter or speaker for DePuy Synthes, serves as a paid consultant and receives IP royalties for Globus Medical, and serves as a board or committee member for the Orthopaedic Trauma Association, all unrelated to this research. R. V. O'Toole serves as a paid consultant for Stryker, receives stock options from Imagen, and receives royalties from Lincotek, all unrelated to this research.