aDepartment of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;

bDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA;

cDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; and

dDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.

Reprints: Nathan N. O'Hara, PhD, MHA, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 (e-mail: [email protected]).

Research reported in this publication was partially supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number K24AR076445. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

N. N. O'Hara receives stock or stock options from Arbutus Medical, Inc unrelated to this research. G. P. Slobogean receives research funding from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, the US Department of Defense, and the National Institutes of Health, unrelated to this research; and is a paid consultant for Smith & Nephew and Zimmer, unrelated to this research. G. E. Gaski receives royalties from Thieme unrelated to this research. J. W. Nascone is a paid consultant for DePuy, receives IP royalties from CoorsTek and Synthes, and receives stock options from Imagen, all unrelated to this research. M. F. Sciadini is a paid consultant for Globus Medical and Stryker, receives IP royalties from Globus Medical, and receives stock options from Stryker, all unrelated to this research. R. M. Natoli receives financial or material support from MicroGen Dx, receives royalties from Morgan & Claypool, and receives research support from Novasteo, all unrelated to this research. T. McKinley receives IP royalties from Innomed unrelated to this research. W. W. Virkus is a paid consultant for Stryker; is a paid employee for Novartis; receives stock options from Connextions, GLW, Inc, Johnson & Johnson, and Olio, Inc; and receives royalties from Slack Inc; all unrelated to this research. A. T. Sorkin is a paid consultant for Stryker and receives stock or stock options from Johnson & Johnson, unrelated to this research. R. V. O'Toole is a paid consultant for Stryker, receives stock options from Imagen, and receives royalties from Lincotek, all unrelated to this research. The remaining authors report no conflict of interest.

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