While repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is safe and effective for 50-60% of those treatment-resistant depression, it is critical to identify factors to optimize therapy to help those who do not respond. Baseline sleep characteristics have been investigated as a potential predictor of TMS efficacy but results from various studies have been conflicting. We aimed to explore whether baseline sleep quality, specifically insomnia related symptoms, is associated with TMS outcomes in a naturalistic sample of 975 patients receiving a standard course of rTMS from two sites. One site recorded information on concurrent medication use. Among these 353 patients, we also examined whether pharmacological treatment of insomnia affected TMS treatment response. Depression was measured using the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomology Self Report (IDS-SR) in site one and an abbreviated 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomology (QIDS) in site two. Sleep disturbances were measured using three sleep-related questions overlapping between the two questionnaires. We found that sleep quality improves after TMS and correlates with improvement in depression. Upon dichotomous categorization of the sample by insomnia and hypnotics use, we found that among those who had significant insomnia at baseline, those not using sleep medications had significantly worse post-treatment IDS-SR scores compared to those receiving pharmacological treatments for sleep (p=.021). Together, our results suggest that while baseline insomnia is not associated with response to TMS treatment, treating insomnia may affect the trajectory of TMS therapy. Future prospective studies are necessary to examine the effect of insomnia treatment alongside TMS for depression.

The authors have declared no competing interest.

This study did not receive any funding

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Institutional Review Board of Butler Hospital waived ethical approval for this work

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