Zhang JH, Ramke J, Jan C, Bascaran C, Mwangi N, Furtado JM, et al. Advancing the Sustainable Development Goals through improving eye health: a scoping review. Lancet Planet Health. 2022;6:e270–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burton MJ, Ramke J, Marques AP, Bourne RRA, Congdon N, Jones I, et al. The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9:e489–551.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Congdon N, Reddy PA, Mackenzie G, Golgate P, Wen Q, Clarke M. Presbyopia and the sustainable development goals. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6:e1067.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gordois A, Cutler H, Pezzullo L, Gordon K, Cruess A, Winyard S, et al. An estimation of the worldwide economic and health burden of visual impairment. Glob Public Health. 2012;7:465–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marques AP, Ramke J, Cairns J, Butt T, Zhang JH, Faal HB, et al. Estimating the global cost of vision impairment and its major causes: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e036689.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marques AP, Ramke J, Cairns J, Butt T, Zhang JH, Muirhead D, et al. Global economic productivity losses from vision impairment and blindness. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;35:100852.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Murray CJ. Quantifying the burden of disease: the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years. Bull World Health Organ. 1994;72:429–45.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:1204–22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rice DP. Estimating the cost of illness. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1967;57:424–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Behrens C, Henke K. Cost of illness studies: no aid to decision making: Reply to Shiell et al. (Health Policy, 8 (1987) 317–323. Health Policy. 1988;10:137–41.

Rice DP. Cost-of-illness studies: fact or fiction? Lancet. 1994;344:1519–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koopmanschap MA. Cost-of-illness studies Useful health policy?. PharmacoEconomics. 1998;14:143–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tarricone R. Cost-of-illness analysis: what room in health economics?. Health Policy. 2006;77:51–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luengo-Fernandez R, Leal J, Gray A. UK research spend in 2008 and 2012: comparing stroke, cancer, coronary heart disease and dementia. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e006648.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koberlein J, Beifus K, Schaffert C, Finger RP. The economic burden of visual impairment and blindness: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e003471.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Braithwaite T, Verlander NQ, Peto T, Bartholomew D, Deomansingh F, Bridgemohan P, et al. National Eye Survey of Trinidad and Tobago (NESTT): prevalence, causes and risk factors for presenting vision impairment in adults over 40 years. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104:74–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Braithwaite T, Verlander NQ, Bartholomew D, Bridgemohan P, McNally K, Roach A, et al. The National Eye Survey of Trinidad and Tobago (NESTT): rationale, objectives and methodology. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017;24:116–129.

Braithwaite T, Winford B, Bailey H, Bridgemohan P, Bartholomew D, Singh D, et al. Health system dynamics analysis of eyecare services in Trinidad and Tobago and progress towards Vision 2020 Goals. Health Policy Plan. 2018;33:70–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frick KD, Kymes SM, Lee PP, Matchar DB, Pezzullo ML, Rein DB, et al. The cost of visual impairment: purposes perspectives, and guidances. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:1801–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roach A, Braithwaite T, Carrington C, Marcellin E, Sharma S, Hingorani A, et al. Addressing ethical challenges in the Genetics Substudy of the National Eye Survey of Trinidad and Tobago (GSNESTT). App Transl Genom. 2016;9:6–14.

Google Scholar 

Ministry of Planning and Sustainable Development Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report. The Central Statistics Office; 2012.

Clarke P, Gray A, Legood R, Briggs A, Holman R. The impact of diabetes-related complications on healthcare costs: results from the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS Study No. 65). Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. 2003;20:442–50.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bourne R, Price H, Taylor H, Leasher J, Keeffe J, Glanville J, et al. New systematic review methodology for visual impairment and blindness for the 2010 global burden of disease study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2013;20:33–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Central Statistical Office. Population Mid Year Estimates. 2014. http://cso.gov.tt/data/?productID=31-Population-Mid-Year-Estimates2014. Accessed 14 December 2016.

Gray A, Clarke PM, Wolstenholme JL, Wordsworth S. Chapter 6: Defining, measuring and valuing costs. In: Gray AM, Briggs A, editor. Applied Methods of Cost-effectiveness Analysis in Health Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011.

Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems World Health Organisation. WHO methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates 2000-2011. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/GlobalDALYmethods_2000_2011.pdf?ua=1.

Braithwaite T, Taylor H, Bourne R, Keeffe J, Pesudovs K. Does blindness count? Disability weights for vision loss. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017;45:217–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salomon JA, Haagsma JA, Davis A, de Noordhout CM, Polinder S, Havelaar AH, et al. Disability weights for the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study. Lancet Glob health. 2015;3:e712–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Braithwaite T, Bailey H, Bartholomew D, Saei A, Pesudovs K, Ramsewak SS, et al. Impact of vision loss on health-related quality of life in Trinidad and Tobago. Ophthalmology. 2019;126:1055–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

PanAmerican Health Organisation. Trinidad and Tobago Indicator Profile, Group of Resources, Services and Coverage Indicators. Pan American Health Organization; 2014. http://ais.paho.org/phip/viz/indicatorprofilebydomain.asp.

Viscusi WK, Masterman CJ. Income elasticities and global values of a statistical life. J Benefit Cost Anal. 2017;8:226–50.

Article  Google Scholar 

The World Bank. Gross Domestic Product deflator (base year varies by country): World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files: World Bank Group. 2018. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.ZS?end=2015&start=2014.

The World Bank. Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average). 2018. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=2014&start=2004.

Central Statistical Office of the Ministry of Planning and Development. Household Budget Survey. Available from: https://cso.gov.tt/household-budgetary-survey-hbs/2008-2009.

World Bank Poverty and Inequality Platform. Gini Index - Trinidad and Tobago. 1992. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TT2023. Accessed 29 November 2023.

Lofland JH, Pizzi L, Frick KD. A review of health-related workplace productivity loss instruments. PharmacoEconomics. 2004;22:165–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frick KD, Gower EW, Kempen JH, Wolff JL. Economic impact of visual impairment and blindness in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:544–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rein DB, Zhang P, Wirth KE, Lee PP, Hoerger TJ, McCall N, et al. The economic burden of major adult visual disorders in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:1754–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Javitt JC, Zhou Z, Willke RJ. Association between vision loss and higher medical care costs in Medicare beneficiaries costs are greater for those with progressive vision loss. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:238–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clarke PM, Fiebig DG, Gerdtham UG. Optimal recall length in survey design. J Health Econ. 2008;27:1275–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gold MR, Franks P, McCoy KI, Fryback DG. Toward consistency in cost-utility analyses: using national measures to create condition-specific values. Med Care. 1998;36:778–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Southwest Regional Health Authority. 10,000 Diabetic Retinopathy Screenings San Fernando, Trinidad & Tobago. 2018. Available from: https://www.swrha.co.tt/content/10-000-diabetic-retinopathy-screenings.

Bourne RRA, Cicinelli MV, Sedighi T, Tapply IH, McCormick I, Jonas JB, et al. Effective refractive error coverage in adults aged 50 years and older: estimates from population-based surveys in 61 countries. Lancet Glob health. 2022;10:e1754–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCormick I, Butcher R, Evans JR, Mactaggart IZ, Limburg H, Jolley E, et al. Effective cataract surgical coverage in adults aged 50 years and older: estimates from population-based surveys in 55 countries. Lancet Glob health. 2022;10:e1744–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bloom BS, Bruno DJ, Maman DY, Jayadevappa R. Usefulness of US cost-of-illness studies in healthcare decision making. PharmacoEconomics. 2001;19:207–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lafuma A, Brezin A, Lopatriello S, Hieke K, Hutchinson J, Mimaud V, et al. Evaluation of non-medical costs associated with visual impairment in four European countries: France, Italy, Germany and the UK. PharmacoEconomics. 2006;24:193–205.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wittenborn JS, Zhang X, Feagan CW, Crouse WL, Shrestha S, Kemper AR, et al. The economic burden of vision loss and eye disorders among the United States population younger than 40 years. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:1728–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pezzullo L, Streatfeild J, Simkiss P, Shickle D. The economic impact of sight loss and blindness in the UK adult population. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18:63.

Article