Ariyada K, Ohida T, Shibahashi K, Hoda H, Hanakawa K, Murao M (2020) Long-term functional outcomes for World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade V aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage after active treatment. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 60:390–396. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.oa.2020-0052

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Daou BJ, Koduri S, Thompson BG, Chaudhary N, Pandey AS (2019) Clinical and experimental aspects of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther 25:1096–1112. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13222

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Demura M, Ishii H, Takarada-Iemata M, Kamide T, Yoshikawa A, Nakada M, Hori O (2023) Sympathetic nervous hyperactivity impairs microcirculation leading to early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 54:1645–1655. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.042799

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dodson V, Majmundar N, El-Ghanem M, Amuluru K, Gupta G, Nuoman R, Wainwright J, Kaur G, Cole C, Santarelli J, Chandy D, Bowers C, Gandhi C, Al-Mufti F (2019) Intracranial administration of nicardipine after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a review of the literature. World Neurosurg 125:511–518e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.01.103

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dorsch NW (1994) A review of cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage part II: management. J Clin Neurosci 1:78–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-5868(94)90080-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dorsch NW (1994) A review of cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage part III: mechanisms of action of calcium antagonists. J Clin Neurosci 1:151–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-5868(94)90021-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dorsch NW, King MT (1994) A review of cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage part I: incidence and effects. J Clin Neurosci 1:19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-5868(94)90005-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Endo H, Hagihara Y, Kimura N, Takizawa K, Niizuma K, Togo O, Tominaga T (2022) Effects of clazosentan on cerebral vasospasm-related morbidity and all-cause mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: two randomized phase 3 trials in Japanese patients. J Neurosurg 137:1707–1717. https://doi.org/10.3171/2022.2.JNS212914

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frontera JA, Fernandez A, Schmidt JM, Claassen J, Wartenberg KE, Badjatia N, Connolly ES, Mayer SA (2009) Defining vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: what is the most clinically relevant definition? Stroke 40:1963–1968. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.544700

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hafeez S, Grandhi R (2019) Systematic review of intrathecal nicardipine for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 31:399–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-018-0659-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, Torner JC (1992) The international cooperative study on the timing of aneurysm surgery. The North American experience. Stroke 23:205–214. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.23.2.205

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inagawa T (1990) Effect of early operation on cerebral vasospasm. Surg Neurol 33:239–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-3019(90)90042-n

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inagawa T, Kamiya K, Matsuda Y (1991) Effect of continuous cisternal drainage on cerebral vasospasm. Acta Neurochir 112:28–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01402451

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inagawa T, Kamiya K, Ogasawara H, Yano T (1987) Rebleeding of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in the acute stage. Surg Neurol 28:93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-3019(87)90079-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ito U, Tomita H, Yamazaki S, Takada Y, Inaba Y (1986) Enhanced cisternal drainage and cerebral vasospasm in early aneurysm surgery. Acta Neurochir 80:18–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01809552

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kassell NF, Torner JC, Jane JA, Haley EC Jr, Adams HP (1990) The international cooperative study on the timing of aneurysm surgery. Part 2: surgical results. J Neurosurg 73:37–47. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1990.73.1.0037

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kawakami Y, Shimamura Y (1987) Cisternal drainage after early operation of ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Neurosurgery 20:8–14. https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198701000-00003

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kobata H, Ikawa F, Sato A, Kato Y, Sano H (2023) Significance of pupillary findings in decision making and outcomes of world federation of neurological societies grade V subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 93:309–319. https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000002410

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kodama N, Sasaki T, Kawakami M, Sato M, Asari J (2000) Cisternal irrigation therapy with urokinase and ascorbic acid for prevention of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Outcome in 217 patients. Surg Neurol 53:110–117; discussion 117-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3019(99)00183-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Konczalla J, Seifert V, Beck J, Guresir E, Vatter H, Raabe A, Marquardt G (2018) Outcome after Hunt and Hess grade V subarachnoid hemorrhage: a comparison of pre-coiling era (1980-1995) versus post-ISAT era (2005-2014). J Neurosurg 128:100–110. https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.8.JNS161075

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lantigua H, Ortega-Gutierrez S, Schmidt JM, Lee K, Badjatia N, Agarwal S, Claassen J, Connolly ES, Mayer SA (2015) Subarachnoid hemorrhage: who dies, and why? Crit Care 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-1036-0

Lauzier DC, Jayaraman K, Yuan JY, Diwan D, Vellimana AK, Osbun JW, Chatterjee AR, Athiraman U, Dhar R, Zipfel GJ (2023) Early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage: incidence and mechanisms. Stroke 54:1426–1440. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.040072

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Macdonald RL, Pluta RM, Zhang JH (2007) Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the emerging revolution. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 3:256–263. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpneuro0490

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mayberg MR, Batjer HH, Dacey R, Diringer M, Haley EC, Heros RC, Sternau LL, Torner J, Adams HP Jr, Feinberg W et al (1994) Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 25:2315–2328. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.25.11.2315

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mijiti M, Mijiti P, Axier A, Amuti M, Guohua Z, Xiaojiang C, Kadeer K, Xixian W, Geng D, Maimaitili A (2016) Incidence and predictors of angiographic vasospasm, symptomatic vasospasm and cerebral infarction in chinese patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. PLoS One 11:e0168657. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168657

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miyaoka M, Sato K, Ishii S (1993) A clinical study of the relationship of timing to outcome of surgery for ruptured cerebral aneurysms. A retrospective analysis of 1622 cases. J Neurosurg 79:373–378. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1993.79.3.0373

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ogura K, Hara M, Tosaki F, Hirai N (1988) Effect of cisternal drainage after early operation for ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Surg Neurol 30:441–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-3019(88)90028-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oka F, Sadeghian H, Yaseen MA, Fu B, Kura S, Qin T, Sakadzic S, Sugimoto K, Inoue T, Ishihara H, Nomura S, Suzuki M, Ayata C (2022) Intracranial pressure spikes trigger spreading depolarizations. Brain 145:194–207. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab256

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Phillips TJ, Dowling RJ, Yan B, Laidlaw JD, Mitchell PJ (2011) Does treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms within 24 hours improve clinical outcome? Stroke 42:1936–1945. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.602888

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pluta RM, Hansen-Schwartz J, Dreier J, Vajkoczy P, Macdonald RL, Nishizawa S, Kasuya H, Wellman G, Keller E, Zauner A, Dorsch N, Clark J, Ono S, Kiris T, Leroux P, Zhang JH (2009) Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage: time for a new world of thought. Neurol Res 31:151–158. https://doi.org/10.1179/174313209X393564

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Raabe A, Beck J, Goldberg J, Z’Graggen WJ, Branca M, Marbacher S, D’Alonzo D, Fandino J, Stienen MN, Neidert MC, Burkhardt JK, Regli L, Hlavica M, Seule M, Roethlisberger M, Guzman R, Zumofen DW, Maduri R, Daniel RT et al (2022) Herniation World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies scale improves prediction of outcome in patients with poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 53:2346–2351. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.036699

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roelz R, Schaefer JH, Scheiwe C, Sajonz B, Csok I, Steiert C, Buttler J, Rohr E, Grauvogel J, Shah MJ, Egger K, Niesen WD, Bardutzky J, Beck J, Coenen VA, Reinacher PC (2020) Impact of stereotactic ventriculocisternostomy on delayed cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 51:431–439. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.027424

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sadan O, Waddel H, Moore R, Feng C, Mei Y, Pearce D, Kraft J, Pimentel C, Mathew S, Akbik F, Ameli P, Taylor A, Danyluk L, Martin KS, Garner K, Kolenda J, Pujari A, Asbury W, Jaja BNR et al (2022) Does intrathecal nicardipine for cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage correlate with reduced delayed cerebral ischemia? A retrospective propensity score-based analysis. J Neurosurg 136:115–124. https://doi.org/10.3171/2020.12.JNS203673