Lazarus JV, Mark HE, Anstee QM et al. Advancing the global public health agenda for NAFLD: a consensus statement. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19:60–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loomba R, Sanyal AJ. The global NAFLD epidemic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10:686–690.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67:328–357.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mantovani A, Petracca G, Beatrice G, Tilg H, Byrne CD, Targher G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of 501 022 adult individuals. Gut. 2021;70:962–969.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Targher G, Byrne CD, Lonardo A, Zoppini G, Barbui C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2016;65:589–600.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kwok R, Choi KC, Wong GL et al. Screening diabetic patients for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with controlled attenuation parameter and liver stiffness measurements: a prospective cohort study. Gut. 2016;65:1359–1368.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lai LL, Wan Yusoff WNI, Vethakkan SR, Nik Mustapha NR, Mahadeva S, Chan WK. Screening for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using transient elastography. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34:1396–1403.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Castera L, Friedrich-Rust M, Loomba R. Noninvasive assessment of liver disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2019;156:1264-1281.e4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Younossi ZM, Noureddin M, Bernstein D et al. Role of noninvasive tests in clinical gastroenterology practices to identify patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis at high risk of adverse outcomes: Expert panel recommendations. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116:254–262.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanwal F, Shubrook JH, Adams LA et al. Clinical care pathway for the risk stratification and management of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2021;161:1657–1669.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alexander M, Loomis AK, Fairburn-Beech J et al. Real-world data reveal a diagnostic gap in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Med. 2018;16:130.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nyberg LM, Cheetham TC, Patton HM et al. The natural history of NAFLD, a community-based study at a large health care delivery system in the United States. Hepatol Commun. 2021;5:83–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ciardullo S, Perseghin G. Prevalence of NAFLD, MAFLD and associated advanced fibrosis in the contemporary United States population. Liver Int. 2021;41:1290–1293.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amin W, Tsui FR, Borromeo C et al. PaTH: Towards a learning health system in the Mid-Atlantic region. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2014;21:633–636.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Forrest CB, McTigue KM, Hernandez AF et al. PCORnet(R) 2020: current state, accomplishments, and future directions. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;129:60–67.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N et al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Hepatology. 2006;43:1317–1325.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McPherson S, Hardy T, Dufour JF et al. Age as a confounding factor for the accurate non-invasive diagnosis of advanced NAFLD fibrosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112:740–751.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology. 2007;45:846–854.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee JH, Kim D, Kim HJ et al. Hepatic steatosis index: A simple screening tool reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42:503–508.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poynard T, Munteanu M, Deckmyn O et al. Validation of liver fibrosis biomarker (FibroTest) for assessing liver fibrosis progression: Proof of concept and first application in a large population. J Hepatol. 2012;57:541–548.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Younossi ZM, Anstee QM, Wai-Sun Wong V et al. The association of histologic and noninvasive tests with adverse clinical and patient-reported outcomes in patients with advanced fibrosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2021;160:1608-1619.e13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Anstee QM et al. Reduced patient-reported outcome scores associate with level of fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17:2552-2560.e10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pan Z, Fan JG, Eslam M. An update on drug development for the treatment of metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease: Progress and opportunities. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2021;60:170–176.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64:73–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang DQ, El-Serag HB, Loomba R. Global epidemiology of NAFLD-related HCC: Trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18:223–238.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sato S, Kawai H, Sato S et al. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are associated with high FIB-4 index in a health checkup examination cohort without known liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022;22:478.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pennisi G, Enea M, Falco V et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver disease severity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes. Hepatology. 2023;78:195–211.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Androutsakos T, Schina M, Pouliakis A et al. Liver fibrosis assessment in a cohort of Greek HIV mono-infected patients by non-invasive biomarkers. Curr HIV Res. 2019;17:173–182.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Srivastava A, Gailer R, Tanwar S et al. Prospective evaluation of a primary care referral pathway for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2019;71:371–378.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shah S, Dhami-Shah H, Kamble S, Shukla A. FIB-4 cut-off of 1.3 may be inappropriate in a primary care referral pathway for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2020;73:216–217.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun W, Cui H, Li N et al. Comparison of FIB-4 index, NAFLD fibrosis score and BARD score for prediction of advanced fibrosis in adult patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis study. Hepatol Res. 2016;46:862–870.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Henry L et al. A disease-specific quality of life instrument for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: CLDQ-NAFLD. Liver Int. 2017;37:1209–1218.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lomonaco R, Godinez Leiva E, Bril F et al. Advanced liver fibrosis is common in patients with type 2 diabetes followed in the outpatient setting: The need for systematic screening. Diabetes Care. 2021;44:399–406.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jellinger PS, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit PD et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Endocr Pract. 2017;23:1–87.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanwal F, Shubrook JH, Younossi Z et al. Preparing for the NASH Epidemic: A Call to Action. Gastroenterology. 2021;161:1030-1042.e8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cusi K, Isaacs S, Barb D et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Primary Care and Endocrinology Clinical Settings: Co-Sponsored by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). Endocr Pract. 2022;28:528–562.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mozes FE, Lee JA, Selvaraj EA et al. Diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for advanced fibrosis in patients with NAFLD: An individual patient data meta-analysis. Gut. 2022;71:1006–1019.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong VW, Chan WK, Chitturi S et al. Asia-Pacific Working party on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease guidelines 2017—Part 1: Definition, risk factors and assessment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;33:70–85.

Article  PubMed