Smart CE, Annan F, Bruno LPC, Higgins LA, Acerini CL. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2014 compendium: nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15(Suppl 20):135–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dyson PA, Twenefour D, Breen C, Duncan A, Elvin E, Goff L, Hill A, Kalsi P, Marsland N, McArdle P, Mellor D, Oliver L, Watson K. Diabetes UK evidence based nutrition guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes. Diabet Med. 2018;35(5):541–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mehta SN, Quinn N, Volkening LK, Laffel LM. Impact of carbohydrate counting on glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1014–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brazeau AS, Mircescu H, Desjardins K, Leroux C, Strychar I, Ekoé JM, Rabasa-Lhoret R. Carbohydrate counting accuracy and blood glucose variability in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;99:19–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Son O, Efe B, Son NE, Akalin A, Kebapci N. Investigation on carbohydrate counting method in type 1 diabetic patients. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:1–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bell KJ, Barclay AW, Petocz P, Colagiuri S, Brand-Miller JC. Efficacy of carbohydrate counting in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(2):133–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Virdi NS, Mahone JJ. Importance of blood glucose meter and carbohydrate estimation accuracy. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(4):921–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smart CEM, Evans M, O’Connell SM, McElduff P, Lopez PE, Jones TW, Davis EA, King BR. Both dietary protein and fat increase postprandial glucose excursions in children with type 1 diabetes, and the effect is additive. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):3897–902.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pankowska E, Blazik M, Groele L. Does the fat-protein meal increase postprandial glucose level in type 1 diabetes patients on insulin pump: the conclusion of a randomized study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012;14:16–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garcia-Lopez JM, Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Pazos-Couselo M, Gude F, Prieto-Tenreiro A, Casanueva F. Should the amounts of fat and protein be taken into consideration to calculate the lunch prandial insulin bolus? Results from a randomized crossover trial. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013;15:166–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Neu A, Behret F, Braun R, Herrlich S, Liebrich F, Loesch-Binder M, Schneider A, Schweizer R. Higher glucose concentrations following protein- and fat-rich meals—the Tuebingen Grill study: a pilot study in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2015;16(8):587–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thabit H, Tauschmann M, Allen JM, Leelarathna L, Hartnell S, Wilinska ME, Acerini CL, Dellweg S, Benesch C, Heinemann L, Mader JK, Holzer M, Kojzar H, Exall J, Yong J, Pichierri J, Barnard KD, Kollman C, Cheng P, Hindmarsh PC, Campbell FM, Arnolds S, Pieber TR, Evans ML, Dunger DB, Hovorka R. Home use of an artificial beta cell in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2129–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brown SA, Kovatchev BP, Raghinaru D, Lum JW, Buckingham BA, Kudva YC, Laffel LM, Levy CJ, Pinsker JE, Wadwa RP, Dassau E, Doyle FJ 3rd, Anderson SM, Church MM, Dadlani V, Ekhlaspour L, Forlenza GP, Isganaitis E, Lam DW, Kollman C, Beck RW, iDCL Trial Research Group. Six-month randomized, multicenter trial of closed-loop control in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(18):1707–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsoukas MA, Majdpour D, Yale JF, Fathi AE, Garfield N, Rutkowski J, Rene J, Legault L, Haidar A. A fully artificial pancreas versus a hybrid artificial pancreas for type 1 diabetes: a single-centre, open-label, randomised controlled, crossover, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Digit Health. 2021;3(11):e723–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Quirós C, Alonso-Carril N, Rodríguez-Rodríguez S, Barahona MJ, Orois A, Simó-Servat A, Ramos M, Perea V. The Medtronic 780G advanced hybrid closed-loop system achieves and maintains good glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes adults despite previous treatment. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2023;70(2):130–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Smith TA, Blowes AA, King BR, Howley PP, Smart CE. Families’ reports of problematic foods, management strategies and continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Nutr Diet. 2021;78(4):449–57.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alamoudi RM, Aljohani NJ, Alfadhli EM, Alzaman N, Alfadhly AF, Kallash MA, et al. Fasting Ramadan in patients with T1DM—Saudi Arabia versus other countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2023;17(1): 102676.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salti I, Bénard E, Detournay B, Bianchi-Biscay M, Le Brigand C, Voinet C, Jabbar A, EPIDIAR study group. A population-based study of diabetes and its characteristics during the fasting month of Ramadan in 13 countries: results of the epidemiology of diabetes and Ramadan 1422/2001 (EPIDIAR) study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(10):2306–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Susilparat P, Pattaraarchachai J, Songchitsomboon S, Ongroongruang S. Effectiveness of contextual education for self-management in Thai muslims with type 2 diabetes mellitus during Ramadan. J Med Assoc Thai. 2014;97(Suppl 8):41-S49.

Google Scholar 

Elbarbary NS, Elhenawy YI, Ali ARR, Smart CE. Insulin delivery patterns required to maintain postprandial euglycemia in type 1 diabetes following consumption of traditional Egyptian Ramadan Iftar meal using insulin pump therapy: a randomized crossover trial. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1628–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deeb A, Elbarbary N, Smart CE, Beshyah SA, Habeb A, Kalra S, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines: fasting during Ramadan by young people with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2020;21(1):5–17.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hassanein M, Afandi B, Yakoob Ahmedani M, Mohammad Alamoudi R, Alawadi F, Bajaj HS, et al. Diabetes and Ramadan: practical guidelines 2021. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;185: 109185.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biester T, Muller I, von dem Berge T, Atlas E, Nimri R, Phillip M, Battelino T, Bratina N, Dovc K, Scheerer MF, Kordonouri O, Danne T. Add-on therapy with dapagliflozin under full closed loop control improves time in range in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes: the DAPADream study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(2):599–608.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Omar B, Ahren B. Pleiotropic mechanisms for the glucose-lowering action of DPP-4 inhibitors. Diabetes. 2014;63(7):2196–202.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thornberry NA, Gallwitz B. Mechanism of action of inhibitors of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;23(4):479–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahrén B, Foley JE. The islet enhancer vildagliptin: mechanisms of improved glucose metabolism. Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2008;159:8–14.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kanazawa I, Tanaka KI, Notsu M, Tanaka S, Kiyohara N, Koike S, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of vildagliptin add-on therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin treatment. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;123:9–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pan C, Xing X, Han P, Zheng S, Ma J, Liu J, Lv X, Lu J, Bader G, Institution investigators. Efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin as add-on therapy to metformin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(8):737–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mulvihill EE, Drucker DJ. Pharmacology, physiology, and mechanisms of action of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Endocr Rev. 2014;35(6):992–1019.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mathieu C. The scientific evidence: vildagliptin and the benefits of islet enhancement. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009;11(Suppl 2):9–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lukashevich V, Del Prato S, Araga M, Kothny W. Efficacy and safety of vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with dual combination of metformin and sulphonylurea. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(5):403–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Foley JE, Ligueros-Saylan M, He YL, Holst JJ, Deacon CF, Dunning BE, Leone-Jones A, Yu T, Kelley DE. Effect of vildagliptin on glucagon concentration during meals in patients with type 1 diabetes. Horm Metab Res. 2008;40(10):727–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farngren J, Persson M, Schweizer A, Foley JE, Ahrén B. Vildagliptin reduces glucagon during hyperglycemia and sustains glucagon counterregulation during hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(10):3799–806.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bolla AM, Gandolfi A, Borgonovo E, Laurenzi A, Caretto A, Molinari C, Catalano RS, Bianconi E, Monti P, Sordi V, Pellegrini S, Lampasona V, Costa S, Scavini M, Bosi E, Piemonti L. Rapamycin plus vildagliptin to recover β-cell function in long-standing type 1 diabetes: a double-blind, randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(2):e507–19.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:726–32.

Article  PubMed