International Osteoporosis Foundation | IOF [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 27]. Available from https://www.osteoporosis.foundation/.

Gregson, C. L., Armstrong, D. J., Bowden, J., Cooper, C., Edwards, J., Gittoes, N. J. L., et al. (2022). UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Archives of Osteoporosis, 17(1), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-022-01061-5

Article  Google Scholar 

Chandran, M., Brind’Amour, K., Fujiwara, S., Ha, Y. C., Tang, H., Hwang, J. S., et al. (2023). Prevalence of osteoporosis and incidence of related fractures in developed economies in the Asia Pacific region: A systematic review. Osteoporosis International, 34(6), 1037–1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-022-06657-8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shen, Y., Huang, X., Wu, J., Lin, X., Zhou, X., Zhu, Z., et al. (2022). The global burden of osteoporosis, low bone mass, and its related fracture in 204 countries and territories 1990–2019. Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.882

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kaushal, N., Vohora, D., Jalali, R. K., & Jha, S. (2018). Prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in an apparently healthy Indian population—A cross-sectional retrospective study. Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia, 4(2), 53–60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bachrach, L. K., & Gordon, C. M. (2016). Bone densitometry in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2398

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marcus, R., Feldman, D., Dempster, D. W., Luckey, M., & Cauley, J. A. (1995). Osteoporosis (4th ed.). Elsevier.

Google Scholar 

Lu, Y., Genant, H. K., Shepherd, J., Zhao, S., Mathur, A., Fuerst, T. P., et al. (2001). Classification of osteoporosis based on bone mineral densities. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 16(5), 901–910. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.5.901

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Varacallo, M. A., & Fox, E. J. (2014). Osteoporosis and its complications. Medical Clinics of North America, 98(4), 817–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2014.03.007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanis, J. A., & Kanis, J. A. (1994). Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: Synopsis of a WHO report. WHO Study Group. Osteoporosis International, 4(6), 368–381.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Adult Positions—ISCD [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 28]. Available from https://iscd.org/learn/official-positions/adult-positions/.

Cosman, F., de Beur, S. J., LeBoff, M. S., Lewiecki, E. M., Tanner, B., Randall, S., et al. (2014). Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International, 25(10), 2359–2381.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hannan, M. T., Felson, D. T., Dawson-Hughes, B., Tucker, K. L., Cupples, L. A., Wilson, P. W. F., et al. (2000). Risk factors for longitudinal bone loss in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 15(4), 710–720.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gallagher, J. C., & Rapuri, P. B. (2003). Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology. In H. L. Henry & A. W. Norman (Eds.), Encyclopedia of HORMONES (pp. 89–98). Academic Press.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Cosman, F., de Beur, S. J., LeBoff, M. S., Lewiecki, E. M., Tanner, B., Randall, S., et al. (2014). Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International., 25(10), 2359.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

(US) O of the SG. Bone health and osteoporosis. US Health and Human Services [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2023 Nov 5];437. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45513/.

Sözen, T., Özışık, L., & Başaran, N. Ç. (2017). An overview and management of osteoporosis. European Journal of Rheumatology, 4(1), 46.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewiecki, E.M. Osteoporosis: Clinical evaluation. Endotext [Internet]. 2021 Jun 7 [cited 2023 Oct 26]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279049/.

Lewiecki, E. M. (2022). Evaluating patients for secondary causes of osteoporosis. Current Osteoporosis Reports., 20(1), 1–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shuhart, C. R., Yeap, S. S., Anderson, P. A., Jankowski, L. G., Lewiecki, E. M., Morse, L. R., et al. (2019). Executive summary of the 2019 ISCD position development conference on monitoring treatment, DXA cross-calibration and least significant change, spinal cord injury, peri-prosthetic and orthopedic bone health, transgender medicine, and pediatrics. Journal of Clinical Densitometry, 22(4), 453–471.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sheu, A., & Diamond, T. (2016). Bone mineral density: Testing for osteoporosis. Australian Prescriber, 39(2), 35–39.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berger, A. (2002). How does it work?: Bone mineral density scans. British Medical Journal (BMJ), 325(7362), 484.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arabi, A., Baddoura, R., Awada, H., Khoury, N., Haddad, S., Ayoub, G., et al. (2007). Discriminative ability of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry site selection in identifying patients with osteoporotic fractures. Bone, 40(4), 1060–1065.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanis, J. A., Cooper, C., Rizzoli, R., & Reginster, J. Y. (2018). Review of the guideline of the American College of Physicians on the treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International., 29(7), 1505–1510.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saraff, V., & Högler, W. (2015). Osteoporosis in children: Diagnosis and management. European Journal of Endocrinology, 173(6), R185–R197.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ciancia, S., van Rijn, R. R., Högler, W., Appelman-Dijkstra, N. M., Boot, A. M., Sas, T. C. J., et al. (2022). Osteoporosis in children and adolescents: When to suspect and how to diagnose it. European Journal of Pediatrics, 181(7), 2549.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cimaz, R. (2014). Pediatric osteoporosis. Pediatric Rheumatology. https://doi.org/10.1186/1546-0096-12-S1-I27

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Munns, C. (2015). Treatment of childhood osteoporosis—Current and future perspectives. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology. https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-9856-2015-S1-O11.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Golden, N. H., Abrams, S. A., Daniels, S. R., Corkins, M. R., De Ferranti, S. D., Magge, S. N., et al. (2014). Optimizing bone health in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 134(4), e1229–e1243.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pediatric Positions—ISCD [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 27]. Available from https://iscd.org/learn/official-positions/pediatric-positions/.

The International Society for Clinical Official Positions. [cited 2023 Oct 27]. Available from www.iscd.org.

Bacchetta, J., Wesseling-Perry, K., Gilsanz, V., Gales, B., Pereira, R. C., & Salusky, I. B. (2013). Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis: A cross-sectional single-centre experience with bone histomorphometry and quantitative computed tomography. Pediatric Rheumatology. https://doi.org/10.1186/1546-0096-11-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Franceschi, R., Vincenzi, M., Camilot, M., Antoniazzi, F., Freemont, A. J., Adams, J. E., et al. (2015). Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis: Clinical experience from a Single centre and screening of LRP5 and LRP6 genes. Calcified Tissue International., 96(6), 575–579.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lorenc, R. S. (2002). Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. Calcified Tissue International, 70(5), 395–397.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seeman, E., & Delmas, P. D. (2006). Bone quality—The material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(21), 2250–2261.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanis, J. A., Odén, A., Johansson, H., & McCloskey, E. V. (2013). Fracture risk assessment: The development and application of FRAX®. Osteoporosis (4th ed., pp. 1611–1637). Academic Press.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Kanis, J. A., McCloskey, E. V., Johansson, H., Strom, O., Borgstrom, F., Oden, A., et al. (2008). Case finding for the management of osteoporosis with FRAX—Assessment and intervention thresholds for the UK. Osteoporosis International, 19(10), 1395–1408.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar