Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Pink Book, Chapter 10: Hepatitis B. 14th ed. 2021.

Van Damme P, Kane M, Andre M. Integration of hepatitis B vaccination into national immunisation programmes. Br Med J. 1997;314:1033–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

François G, Dochez C, Jeffrey Mphahlele M, Burnett R, Van Hal G, Meheus A. Hepatitis B vaccination in Africa: mission accomplished? South Afr J Epidemiol Infect. 2008;23(1):24–8.

Google Scholar 

Breakwell L, Tevi-Benissan C, Childs L, Mihigo R, Tohme R. The status of hepatitis B control in the African region. PanAfrican Med J. 2017;27(Supp 3):17.

Google Scholar 

Tamandjou CR, Maponga TG, Chotun N, Preiser W, Andersson MI. Is hepatitis B birth dose vaccine needed in Africa? The PanAfrican Medical journal. 2017;27(Supp 3:18):1–3.

Google Scholar 

Edmunds WJ, Medley GF, Nokes DJ, O’Callaghan CJ, Whittle HC, Hall AJ. Epidemiological patterns of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in highly endemic areasr. Epidemiol Infect. 1996;117(2):313–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Poovorawan Y, Sanpavat S, Pongpunlert W, Chumdermpadetsuk S, Sentrakul P, Safary A. Protective efficacy of a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine in neonates of HBe antigen: positive mothers. JAMA. 1989;261(22):3278–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong VCW, Reesink HW, Ip HMH, Nco Lelie P, Reerink-Brongers EE, Yeung CY, et al. Prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in newborn infants of mothers who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by administration of hepatitis-B vaccine and hepatitis-B immunoglobulin. Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. The Lancet. 1984;1(8383):921–6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Reardon JM, O’Connor SM, Njau JD, Lam EK, Staton CA, Cookson ST. Cost-effectiveness of birth-dose hepatitis B vaccination among refugee populations in the African region: a series of case studies. Confl Health. 2019;13(1):1–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Shimakawa Y, Veillon P, Birguel J, Pivert A, Sauvage V, Le G-G, et al. Residual risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus infection despite timely birth-dose vaccination in Cameroon (ANRS 12303): a single-centre, longitudinal observational study. Lancet Glob Health. 2022;10(4):e521–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Practices to improve coverage of the hepatitis B birth dose vaccine. Immunization, vaccines, and biologicals. 2013.

World Health Organization. Preventing perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission: a guide for introducing and strengthening hepatitis B birth dose vaccination. 2015.

Njuguna H. Building toward a future of african children free of HBV infection: hepatitis B virus infection in Africa. In 2021.

Boisson A, Goel V, Yotebieng M, Parr JB, Fried B, Thompson P. Implementation approaches for introducing and overcoming barriers to hepatitis B birth-dose vaccine in sub-Saharan Africa. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2020;10(1):1–14.

Google Scholar 

Nayagam S, Shimakawa Y, Lemoine M. Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B: What more needs to be done to eliminate it around the world? J Viral Hepat. 2020;27(4):342–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miyahara R, Jasseh M, Gomez P, Shimakawa Y, Greenwood B, Keita K, et al. Barriers to timely administration of birth dose vaccines in The Gambia, West Africa. Vaccine. 2016;34(29):3335–41.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boisson A, Morgan CE, Fried B, Shea CM, Yotebieng M, Ngimbi P, et al. Barriers and facilitators to timely birth-dose vaccines in Kinshasa Province, the DRC: a qualitative study. J Glob Health Rep. 2022;6:1–13.

Google Scholar 

World Health Organisation (WHO). National Immunization Schedule Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2018.

Sarker AR, Akram R, Ali N, Chowdhury ZI, Sultana M. Coverage and determinants of full immunization: vaccination coverage among senegalese children. Medicina (Lithuania). 2019;55(8):480.

PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yotebieng M, Behets F, Kawende B, Ravelomanana NLR, Tabala M, Okitolonda EW. Continuous quality improvement interventions to improve long-term outcomes of antiretroviral therapy in women who initiated therapy during pregnancy or breastfeeding in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Design of an open-label, parallel, group randomized. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):1–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zivich PN, Kiketa L, Kawende B, Lapika B, Yotebieng M. Vaccination coverage and timelines among children 0–6 months in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo: a prospective cohort study. Matern Child Health J. 2017;21(5):1055–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiysonge CS, Uthman OA, Ndumbe PM, Hussey GD. Individual and contextual factors associated with low childhood immunisation coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(5):e37905.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization (WHO). Reference Manual: Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA): an annual monitoring system for service delivery. 2015.

World Health Organization. Immunization Data portal. 2020 [cited 2021 Dec 20]. Hepatitis B Birth Dose vacination coverage. https://www.who.int/data/immunization

Lancione S, Alvarez JV, Alsdurf H, Pai M, Zwerling AA. Tracking changes in national BCG vaccination policies and practices using the BCG World Atlas. BMJ Glob Health. 2022;7(1):1–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Phillips DE, Dieleman JL, Shearer JC, Lim SS. Childhood vaccines in Uganda and Zambia: determinants and barriers to vaccine coverage. Vaccine. 2018;36(29):4236–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levin A, Munthali S, Vodungbo V, Rukhadze N, Maitra K, Ashagari T, et al. Scope and magnitude of private sector financing and provision of immunization in Benin, Malawi and Georgia. Vaccine. 2019;37(27):3568–75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ibnouf A, Van den Borne H, Maarse J. Factors influencing immunisation coverage among children under five years of age in Khartoum State, Sudan. South Afr Family Pract. 2007;49(8):14–14f.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bbaale E. Factors influencing childhood immunization in Uganda. J Health Popul Nutr. 2013;31(1):118–27.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Desai S, Alva S. Maternal education and child health: Is there a strong causal relationship? Demography. 1998;35(1):71–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mwamba GN, Yoloyolo N, Masembe Y, Nsambu MN, Nzuzi C, Tshekoya P, et al. Vaccination coverage and factors influencing routine vaccination status in 12 high risk health zones in the Province of Kinshasa City, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 2015. The PanAfrican Medical journal. 2017;27(Supp 3):7.

Google Scholar 

Berhanel Y, Bekele A, Tesfaye F. Immunization (EPI) in Ethiopia: acceptance, coverage, and sustainability. Ethiop Med J. 2000;38(Suppl 1):1–60.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shindano TA, Bahizire E, Fiasse R, Horsmans Y. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health-care workers about viral hepatitis b and C in South Kivu. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;96(2):400–4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thahir S, Tulenko SE, Ngimbi P, Ntambua S, Matondo J, Mwandagalirwa K, et al. Low knowledge about hepatitis B prevention among pregnant women in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. PLOS Global Public Health. 2022;2(9): e0000450.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Herliana P, Douiri A. Determinants of immunisation coverage of children aged 12–59 months in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(12):1–14.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fenta SM, Fenta HM. Individual and community-level determinants of childhood vaccination in Ethiopia. Arch Public Health. 2021;79(1):1–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lanaspa M, Balcells R, Sacoor C, Nhama A, Aponte JJ, Bassat Q. The performance of the expanded programme on immunization in a rural area of Mozambique. Acta Trop. 2015;149:262–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moturi E, Tevi-Benissan C, Hagan J, Shendale S, Mayenga D, Murokora D, et al. Implementing a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine in Africa: findings from assessments in 5 countries. J Immunol Sci. 2018;2(SI1):31–40.

Article  Google Scholar 

Adjei CA, Stutterheim SE, Naab F, Ruiter RAC. Chronic Hepatitis B stigma in Ghana: a qualitative study with patients and providers. BMJ Open. 2019;9(6):1–12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Galadima AN, Zulkefli NAM, Said SM, Ahmad N. Factors influencing childhood immunisation uptake in Africa: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1–20.

Article  Google Scholar 

Thompson P, Morgan CE, Ngimbi P, Mwandagalirwa K, Ravelomanana NLR, Tabala M, et al. Arresting vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus (AVERT-HBV) in pregnant women and their neonates in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a feasibility study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;21:1–10.

Google Scholar