After the removal of duplicates, we screened 3858 titles and abstracts against the inclusion criteria. 82 studies were included for full-text screening. From this set, we excluded 57 studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria. In total, 25 studies (reported in 27 papers due to 2 companion reports) met the final inclusion criteria for the review (Fig. 1) [51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77].

PRISMA flow diagram of included studies

Study characteristic details are described in Table 4. All 25 studies were published between 2011 and 2021 (Fig. 2). The 25 included studies reported on 16 health disciplines. Most studies focused on the adult population (n = 16) [51, 55,56,57, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66,67,68,69,70,71, 73, 74], while fewer had a pediatric focus (n = 8) [53, 58, 60, 63, 65, 72, 75, 77], and one reported on the neonatal intensive care unit [76]. Thirteen of the included studies took place in acute care [55, 57, 60,61,62, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75,76,77], 11 in tertiary care [51, 53, 56, 58, 59, 63,64,65, 70, 72, 74], and 1 in ambulatory care [67]. Fifty-two percent (n = 13) [53, 56,57,58, 61,62,63, 65, 67, 71, 75,76,77] of the included studies were published in the USA, with the remaining (n = 12) published in Australia (n = 2) [68, 74], Canada (n = 2) [60, 69], Italy (n = 2) [66, 72], Sweden (n = 2) [59, 73], Spain (n = 1) [70], United Kingdom (n = 1) [64], Netherland (n = 1) [51], and Northern Ireland (n = 1) [55]. Mixed method research was the most common study design (n = 8) [51, 57,58,59, 67, 71, 74, 75]. Other study designs included quantitative descriptive (n = 8) [53, 56, 63,