Leslie WD, O’Donnell S, Jean S, Lagace C, Walsh P, Bancej C, Morin S, Hanley DA, Papaioannou A, Osteoporosis Surveillance Expert Working G (2009) Trends in hip fracture rates in Canada. JAMA 302:883–889

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Muschitz C, Hummer M, Grillari J, Hlava A, Birner AH, Hemetsberger M, Dimai HP (2022) Epidemiology and economic burden of fragility fractures in Austria. Osteoporos Int 33:637–647

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wall M, Lohfeld L, Giangregorio L, Ioannidis G, Kennedy CC, Moser A, Papaioannou A, Morin SN (2013) Fracture risk assessment in long-term care: a survey of long-term care physicians. BMC Geriatr 13:109

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leslie WD, Majumdar SR, Morin SN, Lix LM, Schousboe JT, Ensrud KE, Johansson H, McCloskey EV, Kanis JA (2018) Performance of FRAX in clinical practice according to sex and osteoporosis definitions: the Manitoba BMD registry. Osteoporos Int 29:759–767

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hopman WM, Berger C, Joseph L et al (2019) Longitudinal assessment of health-related quality of life in osteoporosis: data from the population-based Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int 30:1635–1644

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Leslie WD, Seeman E, Morin SN, Lix LM, Majumdar SR (2018) The diagnostic threshold for osteoporosis impedes fracture prevention in women at high risk for fracture: a registry-based cohort study. Bone 114:298–303

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morin SN, Lix LM, Majumdar SR, Leslie WD (2013) Temporal trends in the incidence of osteoporotic fractures. Curr Osteoporos Rep 11:263–269

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ballane G, Cauley JA, Luckey MM, El-Hajj Fuleihan G (2017) Worldwide prevalence and incidence of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int 28:1531–1542

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cauley JA, Chalhoub D, Kassem AM, Fuleihan Gel H (2014) Geographic and ethnic disparities in osteoporotic fractures. Nat Rev Endocrinol 10:338–351

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Litwic A, Edwards M, Cooper C, Dennison E (2012) Geographic differences in fractures among women. Womens Health (Lond) 8:673–684

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dhanwal DK, Dennison EM, Harvey NC, Cooper C (2011) Epidemiology of hip fracture: Worldwide geographic variation. Indian J Orthop 45:15–22

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hernlund E, Svedbom A, Ivergard M, Compston J, Cooper C, Stenmark J, McCloskey EV, Jonsson B, Kanis JA (2013) Osteoporosis in the European Union: medical management, epidemiology and economic burden. A report prepared in collaboration with the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA). Arch Osteoporos 8:136

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhou Y, Wu K, Shen H, Zhang J, Deng HW, Zhao LJ (2019) Geographical differences in osteoporosis, obesity, and sarcopenia related traits in white American cohorts. Sci Rep 9:12311

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Deleze M, Cons-Molina F, Villa AR et al (2000) Geographic differences in bone mineral density of Mexican women. Osteoporos Int 11:562–569

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Langsetmo L, Hanley DA, Kreiger N et al (2008) Geographic variation of bone mineral density and selected risk factors for prediction of incident fracture among Canadians 50 and older. Bone 43:672–678

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harvey NC, Oden A, Orwoll E et al (2018) Measures of physical performance and muscle strength as predictors of fracture risk independent of FRAX, falls, and aBMD: a meta-analysis of the osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) study. J Bone Miner Res 33:2150–2157

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morin SN, Berger C, Papaioannou A, Cheung AM, Rahme E, Leslie WD, Goltzman D (2022) Race/ethnic differences in the prevalence of osteoporosis, falls and fractures: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Osteoporos Int 33:2637–2648

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hassanabadi N, Berger C, Papaioannou A, Cheung AM, Rahme E, Leslie WD, Goltzman D, Morin SN (2023) Variation in bone mineral density and fractures over 20 years among Canadians: a comparison of the Canadian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study and the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Osteoporos Int 34:357–367

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hangartner TN (2007) A study of the long-term precision of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone densitometers and implications for the validity of the least-significant-change calculation. Osteoporos Int 18:513–523

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Watts NB, Leslie WD, Foldes AJ, Miller PD (2013) 2013 International Society for Clinical Densitometry position development conference: task force on normative databases. J Clin Densitom 16:472–481

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lentle B, Cheung AM, Hanley DA et al (2011) Osteoporosis Canada 2010 guidelines for the assessment of fracture risk. Can Assoc Radiol J 62:243–250

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, Lewiecki EM, Saag KG, Singer AJ, Siris ES (2022) The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 33:2049–2102

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gregson CL, Armstrong DJ, Bowden J et al (2022) UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arch Osteoporos 17:58

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

CLSA (2016) Standing height and weight measurement, Standard operating procedure. https://www.clsa-elcv.ca/doc/1112. Accessed 12 April 2023

CLSA (2008) Full Study Design and Baseline Protocol. https://clsa-elcv.ca/doc/511. Accessed 12 April 2023

CLSA (2016) Hand grip strength, Standard operating procedure. https://www.clsa-elcv.ca/doc/537. Accessed 12 April 2023

CLSA (2014) Timed (4-metre) walk test, Standard operating procedure. https://www.clsa-elcv.ca/doc/530. Accessed 12 April 2023

CLSA (2014) Timed get up and go test, Standard operating procedures. https://www.clsa-elcv.ca/doc/531. Accessed 12 April 2023

CLSA (2014) Measuring standing balance, Standard operating procedures. https://www.clsa-elcv.ca/doc/532. Accessed 12 April 2023

CLSA (2014) Chair Rise test, Standard operating procedure. https://www.clsa-elcv.ca/doc/533. Accessed 12 April 2023

Beauchamp MK, Hao Q, Kuspinar A et al (2021) Reliability and minimal detectable change values for performance-based measures of physical functioning in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 76:2030–2038

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wong SL (2016) Grip strength reference values for Canadians aged 6 to 79: Canadian Health Measures Survey, 2007 to 2013. Health Rep 27:3–10

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steffen TM, Hacker TA, Mollinger L (2002) Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and gait speeds. Phys Ther 82:128–137

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bohannon RW (2006) Reference values for the five-repetition sit-to-stand test: a descriptive meta-analysis of data from elders. Percept Mot Skills 103:215–222

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanis JA, Johansson H, Johnell O, Oden A, De Laet C, Eisman JA, Pols H, Tenenhouse A (2005) Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture. Osteoporos Int 16:737–742

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey NC, McCloskey EV (2018) A brief history of FRAX. Arch Osteoporos 13:118

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kuspinar A, Verschoor CP, Beauchamp MK et al (2020) Modifiable factors related to life-space mobility in community-dwelling older adults: results from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. BMC Geriatr 20:35

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bliuc D, Tran T, Alarkawi D, Chen W, Blank RD, Ensrud KE, Blith F, March L, Center J (2021) Multimorbidity increases risk of osteoporosis under-diagnosis and under-treatment in patients at high fracture risk: 45 and up a prospective population based-study. J Endocr Soc 5:A248–A249

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bouillon R, Manousaki D, Rosen C, Trajanoska K, Rivadeneira F, Richards JB (2022) The health effects of vitamin D supplementation: evidence from human studies. Nat Rev Endocr 18:96–110

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shuhart CR, Yeap SS, Anderson PA, Jankowski LG, Lewiecki EM, Morse LR, Rosen HN, Weber DR, Zemel BS, Shepherd JA (2019) Executive summary of the 2019 ISCD position development conference on monitoring treatment, DXA cross-calibration and least significant change, spinal cord injury, peri-prosthetic and orthopedic bone health, transgender medicine, and pediatrics. J Clin Densitom 22:453–471

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raina P, Wolfson C, Kirkland S et al (2019) Cohort profile: the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). Int J Epidemiol 48:1752–1753j

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berger C, Goltzman D, Langsetmo L et al (2010) Peak bone mass from longitudinal data: implications for the prevalence, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 25:1948–1957

Article