Melo APS, Dippenaar IN, Johnson SC, Weaver ND, Acurcio F, de Malta A. All-cause and cause-specific mortality among people with severe mental Illness in Brazil’s public health system, 2000–15: a retrospective study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022;9(10):771–81.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cardiovascular diseases. [cited 2022 Oct 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases.
Nielsen RE, Banner J, Jensen SE. Cardiovascular Disease in patients with severe mental Illness. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18(2):136–45.
Hajar R. Risk factors for coronary artery Disease: historical perspectives. Heart Views off J Gulf Heart Assoc. 2017;18(3):109–14.
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 17]. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Available from: https://www.healthdata.org/research-article/spatial-temporal-and-demographic-patterns-prevalence-smoking-tobacco-use-and-0.
Gallucci G, Tartarone A, Lerose R, Lalinga AV, Capobianco AM. Cardiovascular risk of Smoking and benefits of smoking cessation. J Thorac Dis. 2020;12(7):3866.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Quigley H, MacCabe JH. The relationship between nicotine and psychosis. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2019;9:2045125319859969.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Griswold MG, Fullman N, Hawley C, Arian N, Zimsen SRM, Tymeson HD, et al. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2018;392(10152):1015–35.
Piano MR. Alcohol’s effects on the Cardiovascular System. Alcohol Res Curr Rev. 2017;38(2):219–41.
Krystal JH, D’Souza DC, Gallinat Jü, Driesen N, Abi-Dargham A, Petrakis I, et al. The vulnerability to alcohol and substance abuse in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Neurotox Res. 2006;10(3):235–52.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K et al. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. BMJ. 2016 [cited 2020 Jan 24];354. Available from: https://www-bmj-com.ezproxy.uct.ac.za/content/354/bmj.i3857.
Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic Diseases. Compr Physiol. 2012;2(2):1143.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ding D, Lawson KD, Kolbe-Alexander TL, Finkelstein EA, Katzmarzyk PT, van Mechelen W, et al. The economic burden of Physical Inactivity: a global analysis of major non-communicable Diseases. The Lancet. 2016;388(10051):1311–24.
Myers J. Exercise and Cardiovascular Health. Circulation. 2003 [cited 2019 Oct 12];107(1). Available from: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000048890.59383.8D.
Wahid Ahad M, Nishma N, Melanie K, Paul F, Charlie W, Premila, et al. Quantifying the Association between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(9):e002495.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Prasad D, Das B. Physical Inactivity: a cardiovascular risk factor. Indian J Med Sci. 2009;63(1):33.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ekelund U, Steene-Johannessen J, Brown WJ, Fagerland MW, Owen N, Powell KE, et al. Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. The Lancet. 2016;388(10051):1302–10.
Krishnaswamy K, Gayathri R. Nature’s bountiful gift to humankind: vegetables & fruits & their role in Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes. Indian J Med Res. 2018;148(5):569–95.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Locke A, Schneiderhan J, Zick SM. Diets for Health: goals and guidelines. Am Fam Physician. 2018;97(11):721–8.
Aune D, Giovannucci E, Boffetta P, Fadnes LT, Keum N, Norat T, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of Cardiovascular Disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality—a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(3):1029–56.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dipasquale S, Pariante CM, Dazzan P, Aguglia E, McGuire P, Mondelli V. The dietary pattern of patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(2):197–207.
Teasdale SB, Ward PB, Samaras K, Firth J, Stubbs B, Tripodi E, et al. Dietary intake of people with severe mental Illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;214(5):251–9.
Foguet-Boreu Q, Fernandez San Martin MI, Flores Mateo G, Zabaleta del Olmo E, Ayerbe García-Morzon L, Perez-Piñar López M, et al. Cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with a severe mental Illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:141.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
D’Agostino Ralph B, Vasan Ramachandran S, Pencina Michael J, Wolf PA, Mark C, Massaro Joseph M, et al. General Cardiovascular Risk Profile for Use in Primary Care. Circulation. 2008;117(6):743–53.
Jin H, Folsom D, Sasaki A, Mudaliar S, Henry R, Torres M, et al. Increased Framingham 10-year risk of Coronary Heart Disease in middle aged and older patients with psychotic symptoms. Schizophr Res. 2011;125(2–3):295–9.
Stevenson A, Akena D, Stroud RE, Atwoli L, Campbell MM, Chibnik LB et al. Neuropsychiatric Genetics of African Populations-Psychosis (NeuroGAP-Psychosis): a case-control study protocol and GWAS in Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda. BMJ Open. 2019 [cited 2021 Apr 28];9(2). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6377543/.
Peduzzi P, Concato J, Kemper E, Holford TR, Feinstein AR. A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49(12):1373–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kaduka LU, Kombe Y, Kenya E, Kuria E, Bore JK, Bukania ZN, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among an Urban Population in Kenya. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(4):887–93.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Saloojee S, Burns JK, Motala AA. Metabolic Syndrome in South African Patients with Severe Mental Illness: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors. PLoS ONE. 2016 [cited 2016 Jun 19];11(2). Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4755575/.
Regier DA, Kuhl EA, Kupfer DJ. The DSM-5: classification and criteria changes. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(2):92–8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jeste DV, Palmer BW, Appelbaum PS, Golshan S, Glorioso D, Dunn LB, et al. A new brief instrument for assessing decisional capacity for clinical research. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(8):966–74.
Lain KY. Catalano,Patrick. Metabolic changes in pregnancy | Ovid. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;57(4):938–48.
Bradley KA, DeBenedetti AF, Volk RJ, Williams EC, Frank D, Kivlahan DR. AUDIT-C as a brief screen for alcohol misuse in primary care. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31(7):1208–17.
Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for Problem drinking. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(16):1789–95.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Riley L, Guthold R, Cowan M, Savin S, Bhatti L, Armstrong T, et al. The World Health Organization STEPwise Approach to Noncommunicable Disease risk-factor surveillance: methods, challenges, and opportunities. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(1):74–8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant C. Definition of metabolic syndrome. Circulation. 2004;109(3):433–8.
Ngaruiya C, Abubakar H, Kiptui D, Kendagor A, Ntakuka MW, Nyakundi P, et al. Tobacco use and its determinants in the 2015 Kenya WHO STEPS survey. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(3):1223.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Aguocha CM, Aguocha JK, Igwe M, Uwakwe RU, Onyeama GM. Prevalence and correlates of cigarette Smoking among patients with schizophrenia in southeast Nigeria. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015;131(3):206–12.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gurillo P, Jauhar S, Murray RM, MacCabe JH. Does Tobacco use cause psychosis? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2(8):718–25.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hartz SM, Pato CN, Medeiros H, Cavazos-Rehg P, Sobell JL, Knowles JA, et al. Comorbidity of severe psychotic disorders with measures of substance use. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(3):248–54.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kwobah E, Epstein S, Mwangi A, Litzelman D, Atwoli L. PREVALENCE of psychiatric morbidity in a community sample in Western Kenya. BMC Psychiatry. 2017 [cited 2019 Jun 29];17. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5242046/.
Hunt GE, Large MM, Cleary M, Lai HMX, Saunders JB. Prevalence of comorbid substance use in schizophrenia spectrum disorders in community and clinical settings, 1990–2017: systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;191:234–58.
Boniface S, Kneale J, Shelton N. Drinking pattern is more strongly associated with under-reporting of alcohol consumption than socio-demographic factors: evidence from a mixed-methods study. BMC Public Health. 2014 [cited 2019 Jul 7];14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4320509/.
Northcote J, Livingston M. Accuracy of self-reported drinking: Observational Verification of ‘Last occasion’ drink estimates of young adults. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011;46(6):709–13.
Comments (0)