ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Hilliard ME, Isaacs D, Johnson EL, Kahan S, Khunti K, Leon J, Lyons SK, Perry ML, Prahalad P, Pratley RE, Seley JJ, Stanton RC, Gabbay RA, on behalf of the American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S97–110.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee AK, Warren B, Lee CJ, McEvoy JW, Matsushita K, Huang ES, Sharrett AR, Coresh J, Selvin E. The association of severe hypoglycaemia with incident cardiovascular events and mortality in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:104–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lavernia F, Kushner P, Trence D, Rice D, Dailey G, Kuritzky L. Recognizing and minimizing hypoglycaemia: the need for individualized care. Postgrad Med. 2015;127:801–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Hilliard ME, Isaacs D, Johnson EL, Kahan S, Khunti K, Leon J, Lyons SK, Perry ML, Prahalad P, Pratley RE, Seley JJ, Stanton RC, Gabbay RA, on behalf of the American Diabetes Association. 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S140–57.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Hilliard ME, Isaacs D, Johnson EL, Kahan S, Khunti K, Leon J, Lyons SK, Perry ML, Prahalad P, Pratley RE, Seley JJ, Stanton RC, Gabbay RA, on behalf of the American Diabetes Association. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S267–78.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akirov A, Amitai O, Masri-Iraqi H, Diker-Cohen T, Shochat T, Eizenberg Y, Shimon I. Predictors of hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus. Intern Emerg Med. 2018;13(3):343–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borzì V, Frasson S, Gussoni G, Di Lillo M, Gerloni R, Augello G, Gulli G, Ceriello A, Solerte B, Bonizzoni E, Fontanella A, Research Department of FADOI. Risk factors for hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, hospitalized in internal medicine wards: findings from the FADOI-DIAMOND study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;115:24–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kagansky N, Levy S, Rimon E, Cojocaru L, Fridman A, Ozer Z, Knobler H. Hypoglycemia as a predictor of mortality in hospitalized elderly patients. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1825–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pratiwi C, Rumende M, Kshanti IAM, Soewondo P. Risk factors for inpatient hypoglycemia in a tertiary care hospital in Indonesia. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc. 2022;37:28–33.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maynard GA, Huynh MP, Renvall M. Iatrogenic inpatient hypoglycemia: risk factors, treatment, and prevention. Diabetes Spectr. 2008;21:241–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Batule S, Ramos A, Pérez-Montes de Oca A, Fuentes N, Martínez S, Raga J, Pena X, Tural C, Muñoz P, Soldevila B, Alonso N, Umpierrez G, Puig-Domingo M. Comparison of glycemic variability and hypoglycemic events in hospitalized older adults treated with basal insulin plus vildagliptin and basal-bolus insulin regimen: a prospective randomized study. J Clin Med. 2022;11:2813.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akirov A, Grossman A, Shochat T, Shimon I. Mortality among hospitalized patients with hypoglycaemia: insulin related and noninsulin related. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:416–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garg R, Hurwitz S, Turchin A, Trivedi A. Hypoglycemia, with or without insulin therapy, is associated with increased mortality among hospitalized patients. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:1107–10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Turchin A, Matheny ME, Shubina M, Scanlon JV, Greenwood B, Pendergrass ML. Hypoglycemia and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes hospitalized in the general ward. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1153–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brodovicz KG, Mehta V, Zhang Q, Zhao C, Davies MJ, Chen J, Radican L, Engel SS. Association between hypoglycemia and inpatient mortality and length of hospital stay in hospitalized, insulin-treated patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29:101–7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gómez-Huelgas R, Guijarro-Merino R, Zapatero A, Barba R, Guijarro-Contreras A, Tinahones F, Bernal-López R. The frequency and impact of hypoglycemia among hospitalized patients with diabetes: a population-based study. J Diabetes Compl. 2015;29:1050–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nirantharakumar K, Marshall T, Kennedy A, Narendran P, Hemming K, Coleman JJ. Hypoglycaemia is associated with increased length of stay and mortality in people with diabetes who are hospitalized. Diabet Med. 2012;29:e445-448.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kosiborod M, Inzucchi SE, Goyal A, Krumholz HM, Masoudi FA, Xiao L, Spertus JA. Relationship between spontaneous and iatrogenic hypoglycemia and mortality in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2009;301:1556–64.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Krinsley JS, Grover A. Severe hypoglycaemia in critically ill patients: risk factors and outcomes. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:2262–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wernly B, Jirak P, Lichtenauer M, Franz M, Kabisch B, Schulze PC, Braun K, Muessig J, Masyuk M, Paulweber B, Lauten A, Hoppe UC, Kelm M, Jung C. Hypoglycemia but not hyperglycemia is associated with mortality in critically ill patients with diabetes. Med Princ Pract. 2019;28:186–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donnelly LA, Morris AD, Frier BM, Ellis JD, Donnan PT, Durrant R, Band MM, Reekie G, Leese GP, DARTS/MEMO Collaboration. Frequency and predictors of hypoglycaemia in type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a population-based study. Diabetes Med. 2005;22:749–55.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Hilliard ME, Isaacs D, Johnson EL, Kahan S, Khunti K, Leon J, Lyons SK, Perry ML, Prahalad P, Pratley RE, Seley JJ, Stanton RC, Gabbay RA, on behalf of the American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S19–40.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T, Coresh J, CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration). A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:604–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373–83.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Singh LG, Satyarengga M, Marcano I, Scott WH, Pinault LF, Feng Z, Sorkin JD, Umpierrez GE, Spanakis EK. Reducing inpatient hypoglycemia in the general wards using real-time continuous glucose monitoring: the glucose telemetry system, a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:2736–43.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Galindo RJ, Migdal AL, Davis GM, Urrutia MA, Albury B, Zambrano C, Vellanki P, Pasquel FJ, Fayfman M, Peng L, Umpierrez GE. Comparison of the FreeStyle Libre Pro Flash Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) system and point-of-care capillary glucose testing in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes treated with basal-bolus insulin regimen. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:2730–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Talari K, Goyal M. Retrospective studies—utility and caveats. J R Coll Phys Edinb. 2020;50:398–402.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rodríguez Escobedo R, Lambert C, Morales Sánchez P, Delgado Álvarez E, Menéndez TE. Reclassification of type 2 diabetes to type 1 diabetes in Asturias (Spain) between 2011 and 2020. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2023;15:90.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar