The Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Cluster C Personality Disorder Traits: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Volkert J, Gablonski TC, Rabung S. Prevalence of personality disorders in the general adult population in Western countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2018;213:709–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Winsper C, Bilgin A, Thompson A, Marwaha S, Chanen AM, Singh SP, et al. The prevalence of personality disorders in the community: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2020;216:69–78.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andrea H, Verheul R. Categoriale classificatie, epidemiologie en comorbiditeit. In: Eurelings-Bontekoe EHM, Verheul R, Snellen W, editors. Handboek persoonlijkheidspathologie. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum; 2009.

Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

Book  Google Scholar 

Hutsebaut J, Willemsen EMC, Van HL. Time for cluster c personality disorders: state of the art. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2018;60:306–14.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gibbon S, Khalifa NR, Cheung NH, Völlm BA, McCarthy L. Psychological interventions for antisocial personality disorder. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007668.pub3.

Article  Google Scholar 

Storebø OJ, Stoffers-Winterling JM, Völlm BA, Kongerslev MT, Mattivi JT, Jørgensen, et al. Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012955.pub2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cristea IA, Gentili C, Cotet CD, Palomba D, Barbui C, Cuijpers P. Efficacy of psychotherapies for borderline personality disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiat. 2017;74:319–28.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wilson HA. Can antisocial personality disorder be treated? A meta-analysis examining the effectiveness of treatment in reducing recidivism for individuals diagnosed with ASPD. Int J Forensic Ment Health. 2014;13:36–46.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wong NZY, Barnett P, Rains LS, Johnson S, Billings J. Evaluation of international guidance for the community treatment of ‘personality disorders’: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2023;18: e0264239.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bartak A, Spreeeuwenberg MD, Andrea H, Holleman L, Rijnierse P, Rossum BV, et al. Effectiveness of different modalities of psychotherapeutic treatment for patients with cluster c personality disorders: results of a large prospective multicentre study. Psychother Psychosom. 2010;79:20–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beckwith H, Moran PF, Reilly J. Personality disorder prevalence in psychiatric outpatients: a systematic literature review. Pers Ment Health. 2014;8:91–101.

Article  Google Scholar 

Massaal-van der Ree LY, Eikelenboom M, Hoogendoorn AW, Thomaes K, van Marle HJ. Cluster b versus cluster c personality disorders: a comparison of comorbidity, suicidality, traumatization and global functioning. Behav Sci. 2022;12:105.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, McGlashan TH, Dyck IR, Stout RL, Bender DS, et al. Functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:276–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bamelis LLM, Arntz A, Wetzelaer P, Verdoorn R, Evers SMAA. Economic evaluation of ST and COP for personality disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76:1432–40.

Article  Google Scholar 

Soeteman DI, Hakkaart-van Roijen L, Verheul R, Busschbach JJ. The economic burden of personality disorders in mental health care. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:259–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Massion AO, Dyck IR, Shea MT, Phillips KA, Warshaw MG, Keller MB. Personality disorders and time to remission in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:434–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ansell EB, Pinto A, Edelen MO, Markowitz JC, Sanislow CA, Yen S, et al. The association of personality disorders with the prospective 7-year course of anxiety disorders. Psychol Med. 2011;41:1019–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oleski J, Cox BJ, Robinson J, Grant B. The predictive validity of cluster c personality disorders on the persistence of major depression in the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Pers Disord. 2012;26:322.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crane AM, Roberts ME, Treasure J. Are obsessive-compulsive personality traits associated with a poor outcome in anorexia nervosa? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and naturalistic outcome studies. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40:581–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Friborg O, Martinsen EW, Martinussen M, Kaiser S, Øvergård KT, Rosenvinge JH. Comorbidity of personality disorders in mood disorders: a meta-analytic review of 122 studies from 1988 to 2010. J Affect. 2014;152–154:1–11.

Google Scholar 

Friborg O, Martinussen M, Kaiser S, Øvergård KT, Rosenvinge JH. Comorbidity of personality disorders in anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of 30 years of research. J Affect. 2013;145:143–55.

Article  Google Scholar 

Martinussen M, Friborg O, Schmierer P, Kaiser S, Øvergård KT, Neunhoeffer AL, et al. The comorbidity of personality disorders in eating disorders: a meta-analysis. EWD. 2017;22:201–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jacob GA, Arntz A. Schema therapy for personality disorders—a review. Int J Cogn Ther. 2013;6:171–85.

Article  Google Scholar 

Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar M. Schema therapy: a practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford; 2003.

Google Scholar 

•• Pilkington PD, Bishop A, Younan R. Adverse childhood experiences and early maladaptive schemas in adulthood: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2021;28:569–84. This meta-analytic review illustrates that early maladaptive schemas in adults are related to childhood experiences of abuse and neglect, and primarily to emotional neglect.

Haugh JA, Miceli M, DeLorme J. Maladaptive parenting, temperament, early maladaptive schemas, and depression: a moderated mediation analysis. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2017;39:103–16.

Article  Google Scholar 

Thimm JC. Mediation of early maladaptive schemas between perceptions of parental rearing style and PD symptoms. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2010;41:52–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simard V, Moss E, Pascuzzo K. Early maladaptive schemas and child and adult attachment: a 15-year longitudinal study. Psychol Psychother: Theory Res Prac. 2011;84:349–66.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mairet K, Boag S, Warburton W. How important is temperament? The relationship between coping styles, early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety. Int J Psychol Psychol Ther. 2014;14:171–90.

Google Scholar 

Ghosh VS, Gilboa A. What is a memory schema? A historical perspective on current neuroscience literature. Neuropsychologia. 2014;53:104–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Janovsky T, Rock AJ, Thorsteinsson EB, Clark GI, Murray CV. The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and interpersonal problems: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2020;27:408–47. This meta-analytic review demonstrates that early maladaptive schemas-especially within the disconnection and rejection domain along with vulnerability to harm, failure, subjugation, and negativity-are associated with interpersonal problems.

Lobbestael J, Arntz A. Cognitive contributions to personality disorders. In: Widiger TA, editor. The Oxford handbook of personality disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012. p. 325–44.

Google Scholar 

Lee CW, Taylor G, Dunn J. Factor structure of the schema questionnaire in a large clinical sample. Cogn Ther Res. 1999;23:441–51.

Article  Google Scholar 

• Nordahl HM, Holthe H, Haugum JA. Early maladaptive schemas in patients with or without personality disorders: does schema modification predict symptomatic relief? Clin Psychol Psychother. 2005;12:142–9. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.

•• Bach B, Lockwood G, Young JE. A new look at the schema therapy model: organization and role of early maladaptive schemas. Cogn Behav Ther. 2018;47:328–49. Considering statistical indicators and clinical interpretability, this study demonstrates that early maladaptive schemas are best organized in four domains, and that each domain is related to a specific pattern of need-depriving parenting styles. In turn, these parenting styles predict adult vulnerability through the development of these schema domains.

Kriston L, Schäfer J, von Wolff A, Härter M, Hölzel LP. The latent factor structure of Young’s early maladaptive schemas: are schemas organized into domains? J Clin Psychol. 2012;68:684–98.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yalcin O, Lee C, Correia H. Factor structure of the young schema questionnaire (long form-3). Aust Psychol. 2020;55:546–58.

Article  Google Scholar 

• Kunst H, Lobbestael J, Candel I, Batink T. Early maladaptive schemas and their relation to personality disorders: a correlational examination in a clinical population. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2020;27:837–46. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.

• Gilbert F, Daffern M. The association between early maladaptive schema and personality disorder traits in an offender population. Psychol Crime Law. 2013;19:933–46. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.

• Reeves M, Taylor J. Specific relationships between core beliefs and personality disorder symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2007;14:96–104. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.

Soeteman DI, Verheul R, Meerman AM, Ziegler U, Rossum BV, Delimon J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of psychotherapy for cluster c personality disorders: a decision-analytic model in the Netherlands. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;71:51–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Int J Surg. 2021;88:105906.

Young JE. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange; 1990.

Google Scholar 

Young JE, Brown G. Young schema questionnaire. In: Young JE, editor. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach. 2nd ed. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press; 1994. p. 63–76 Rev ed.

Google Scholar 

Oei TP, Baranoff J. Young schema questionnaire: review of psychometric and measurement issues. Aust J Psychol. 2007;59:78–86.

Article  Google Scholar 

Young JE. Young schema questionnaire Short Form. 1st ed. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center; 1998.

Google Scholar 

Young JE, Brown GK. Young schema questionnaire-L3. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange; 2003.

Google Scholar 

Young JE. Young schema questionnaire – Short Form 3 (YSQ-S3). New York, NY: Cognitive Therapy Center; 2005.

Google Scholar 

Kmet LM, Lee RC, Cook LS. Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields. Alberta, Canada: Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research; 2004.

Google Scholar 

•• Nicol A, Mak AS, Murray K, Walker I, Buckmaster D. The relationships between early maladaptive schemas and youth mental health: a systematic review. Cogn Ther Res. 2020;44:715–51. This systematic review looks at the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and various forms of psychopathology in youth between 12–25 years of age.

Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15:155–63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

jamovi. The jamovi project (Version 2.2) [Computer Software]. 2021. https://www.jamovi.org/.

Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36:1–48.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jackson D, Turner R. Power analysis for random-effects meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2017;8:290–302.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cochran WG. The combination of estimates from different experiments. Biometrics. 1954;10:101–29.

Article 

Comments (0)

No login
gif