Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

Leavitt JA, Larson TA, Hodge DO, Gullerud RE. The incidence of central retinal artery occlusion in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011 ;152(5):820–3.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2011.05.005. Epub 2011 Jul 27. PMID: 21794842; PMCID: PMC3326414.

Greven CM, Slusher MM, Weaver RG. Retinal arterial occlusions in young adults. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;120(6):776–83. ISSN 0002-9394. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)72731-x.

• Schumacher M, Schmidt D, Jurklies B, Gall C, Wanke I, Schmoor C, Maier-Lenz H, Solymosi L, Brueckmann H, Neubauer AS, et al. EAGLE-Study Group. Central retinal artery occlusion: local intra-arterial fibrinolysis versus conservative treatment, a multicenter randomized trial. Ophthalmology. 2010; 117:1367–75.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.061. Randomized trial evaluating intravenous thrombolysis for CRAO.

• Schorr EM, Rossi KC, Stein LK, Park BL, Tuhrim S, Dhamoon MS. Characteristics and outcomes of retinal artery occlusion: nationally representative data. Stroke. 2020; 51:800–807. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKE119027034. Discusses comorbidities, interventions, and outcomes for patients with retinal artery occlusion.

• Chodnicki KD,  Pulido JS, Hodge DO, Klaas JP, Chen JJ. Stroke risk before and after central retinal artery occlusion in a US cohort. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94(2):236-241. ISSN 0025-6196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.10.018. Discusses relationship between CRAO and stroke.

Hayreh SS. Orbital vascular anatomy. Eye (Lond). 2006;20(10):1130–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6702377. PMID: 17019411.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Central retinal artery occlusion: visual outcome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140(3):376–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2005.03.038. PMID: 16138997.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/STR.0000000000000366#d5155393e1308_copied.

Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman MB. Retinal artery occlusion: associated systemic and ophthalmic abnormalities. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(10):1928–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.03.006. Epub 2009 Jul 3. PMID: 19577305; PMCID: PMC2757505.

Babikian V, Wijman CA, Koleini B, Malik SN, Goyal N, Matjucha IC. Retinal ischemia and embolism. Etiologies and outcomes based on a prospective study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;12(2):108–13. https://doi.org/10.1159/000047689. PMID: 11490104.

Hayreh SS. Giant cell arteritis: its ophthalmic manifestations. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(2):227–35. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1681_20.PMID:33463564;PMCID:PMC7933845.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mokhtari F, Massin P, Paques M, Biousse V, Houdart E, Blain P, Gaudric A. Central retinal artery occlusion associated with head or neck pain revealing spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;129(1):108–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(99)00318-9. PMID: 10653429.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Warrasak S, Tapaneya-Olarn W, Euswas A, Sriphojanart S, Sirikulchayanonta V, Leelachaikul P. Fibromuscular dysplasia: a rare cause of cilioretinal artery occlusion in childhood. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(4):737–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00147-5. PMID: 10768337.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sher NA, Reiff W, Letson RD, Desnick RJ. Central retinal artery occlusion complicating Fabry’s disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96(5):815–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1978.03910050421003. PMID: 207248.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mansi IA, Alkhunaizi AM, Al-Khatti AA. Bilateral central retinal artery occlusion secondary to sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol. 2000;64(1):79–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8652(200005)64:13.0.co;2-c. PMID: 10815797.

Brown GC, Shields JA. Cilioretinal arteries and retinal arterial occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97(1):84–92. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1979.01020010024006. PMID: 758898.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuzurihara D, Iijima H. Visual outcome in central retinal and branch retinal artery occlusion. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2004;48(5):490–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-004-0102-y. PMID: 15486774.

Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Fundus changes in central retinal artery occlusion. Retina. 2007;27(3):276–89. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.iae.0000238095.97104.9b. PMID: 17460582.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharma S, Brown GC, Pater JL, Cruess AF. Does a visible retinal embolus increase the likelihood of hemodynamically significant carotid artery stenosis in patients with acute retinal arterial occlusion? Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116(12):1602–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.116.12.1602.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cherry_red_spot_in_patient_with_central_retinal_artery_occlusion_(CRAO).jpg

Varma DD, Cugati S, Lee AW, Chen CS. A review of central retinal artery occlusion: clinical presentation and management. Eye (Lond). 2013;27(6):688–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2013.25. Epub 2013 Mar 8. PMID: 23470793; PMCID: PMC3682348.

David NJ, Norton EW, Gass JD, Beauchamp J. Fluorescein angiography in central retinal artery occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol. 1967;77(5):619–29. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1967.00980020621010. PMID: 6022731.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smetana GW, Shmerling RH. Does this patient have temporal arteritis? JAMA. 2002;287(1):92–101. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.1.92. PMID: 11754714.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gonzalez-Gay MA, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Barros S, Garcia-Porrua C, Sanchez-Andrade A, Paz-Carreira J, Martin J, Llorca J. Giant cell arteritis: laboratory tests at the time of diagnosis in a series of 240 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84(5):277–90. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.md.0000180043.19285.54. PMID: 16148728.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen CS, Lee AW, Campbell B, Lee T, Paine M, Fraser C, Grigg J, Markus R. Efficacy of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator in central retinal artery occlusion: report from a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke. 2011;42(8):2229–34. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.613653. Epub 2011 Jul 14. PMID: 21757667.

Fraser SG, Adams W. Interventions for acute non-arteritic central retinal artery occlusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2009(1):CD001989. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001989.pub2. PMID: 19160204; PMCID: PMC7081130.

Rudkin AK, Lee AW, Aldrich E, Miller NR, Chen CS. Clinical characteristics and outcome of current standard management of central retinal artery occlusion. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;38(5):496–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02280.x. Epub 2010 Mar 2 PMID: 20584027.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Cugati S, Varma DD, Chen CS, Lee AW. Treatment options for central retinal artery occlusion. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2013;15(1):63–77 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-012-0202-9Comprehensive review on the options available in treatment of CRAO, from conservative to pharmacologic to invasive.

Rumelt S, Dorenboim Y, Rehany U. Aggressive systematic treatment for central retinal artery occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;128(6):733–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(99)00359-1.Erratum.In:AmJOphthalmol2000Dec;130(6):908. PMID: 10612510.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Incandela L, Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Steigerwalt R, De Sanctis MT, Nicolaides AN, et al. Treatment of vascular retinal disease with pentoxifylline: a controlled, randomized trial. Angiology. 2002;53(Suppl 1):31–4.

Google Scholar 

Atebara NH, Brown GC, Cater J. Efficacy of anterior chamber paracentesis and carbogen in treating acute nonarteritic central retinal artery occlusion. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:2029–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dollery CT, Bulpitt CJ, Kohner EM. Oxygen supply to the retina from the retinal and choroidal circulations at normal and increased arterial oxygen tensions. Invest Ophthalmol. 1969; 8:588–594.

Beiran I, Goldenberg I, Adir Y, Tamir A, Shupak A, Miller B. Early hyperbaric oxygen therapy for retinal artery occlusion. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2001;11(4):345–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/112067210101100405.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hertzog LM, Meyer GW, Carson S, Strauss MB, Hart GB. Central retinal artery occlusion treated with hyperbaric oxygen. J Hyperb Med. 1992;7:33–42.

Google Scholar 

• Lopez AS, Basto R, Henriques S, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in retinal arterial occlusion: epidemiology, clinical approach, and visual outcomes. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2019;2019:9765938. Published 2019 Dec 28. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9765938. Discusses outcomes of CRAO patients treated with HBO therapy.

Wu X, Chen S, Li S, Zhang J, Luan D, Zhao S, Chu Z, Xu Y. Oxygen therapy in patients with retinal artery occlusion: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0202154. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202154. PMID: 30157206; PMCID: PMC6114710.

Johnson DR, Cooper JS. Retinal artery and vein occlusions successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med. 2019;3(4):338–40. https://doi.org/10.5811/cpcem.2019.7.43017.PMID:31763582;PMCID:PMC6861035.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wright J, Franklin B, Zant E. Clinical case report: treatment of a central retinal vein occlusion with hyperbaric oxygen. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2007;34(5):315–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hwang CK, Kolomeyer AM, Brucker AJ. Optical coherence tomography angiography of a central retinal artery occlusion before and after anterior chamber paracentesis.

Fieß A, Cal Ö, Kehrein S, Halstenberg S, Frisch I, Steinhorst UH. Anterior chamber paracentesis after central retinal artery occlusion: a tenable therapy? BMC Ophthalmol. 2014;14:28.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schrag M, Youn T, Schindler J, Kirshner H, Greer D. Intravenous fibrinolytic therapy in central retinal artery occlusion: a patient-level meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72:1148–1154. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1578

Richard G, Lerche RC, Knospe V, Zeumer H. Treatment of retinal arterial occlusion with local fibrinolysis using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(4):768–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90165-3. PMID: 10201601.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weber J, Remonda L, Mattle HP, Koerner U, Baumgartner RW, Sturzenegger M, Ozdoba C, Koerner F, Schroth G. Selective intra-arterial fibrinolysis of acute central retinal artery occlusion. Stroke. 1998;29(10):2076–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.29.10.2076. PMID: 9756585.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beatty S, Au Eong KG. Local intra-arterial fibrinolysis for acute occlusion of the central retinal artery: a meta-analysis of the published data. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84(8):914–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.84.8.914.PMID:10906103;PMCID:PMC1723600.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vu HT, Keeffe JE, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Impact of unilateral and bilateral vision loss on quality of life. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89:360–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2004.047498.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chia EM, Mitchell P, Rochtchina E, Foran S, Wang JJ. Unilateral visual impairment and health related quality of life: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003; 87:392–395. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.87.4.392

Kramer M, Goldenberg-Cohen N, Shapira Y, Axer-Siegel R, Shmuely H, Adler Y, Weinberger D, Sagie A. Role of transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of patients with retinal artery occlusion. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(8):1461–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00641-8. PMID: 11470701.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Comments (0)

No login
gif