Pediatric Firearm Injury Advocacy

Andrews AL, Killings X, Oddo ER, Gastineau KAB, Hink AB. Pediatric firearm injury mortality epidemiology. Pediatrics. 2022;149(3):e2021052739. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-052739. This article was the first to show that firearms are now the leading cause for pediatric mortality in the U.S. in March 2022. This further highlights the need for physician advocacy in this field.

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Goldstick JE, Cunningham RM, Carter PM. Current causes of death in children and adolescents in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(20):1955–6. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2201761.

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Benns M, Ruther M, Nash N, Bozeman M, Harbrecht B, Miller K. The impact of historical racism on modern gun violence: redlining in the city of Louisville. KY Injury. 2020;51(10):2192–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2020.06.042.

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Grinshteyn E, Hemenway D. Violent death rates in the US compared to those of the other high-income countries, 2015. Prev Med. 2019;123:20–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.026.

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On gun violence, the United States is an outlier. In: Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. https://www.healthdata.org/acting-data/gun-violence-united-states-outlier. Accessed 20 June 2022.

Kaufman EJ, Wiebe DJ, Xiong RA, Morrison CN, Seamon MJ, Delgado MK. Epidemiologic trends in fatal and nonfatal firearm injuries in the US, 2009–2017. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(2):237–44. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6696.

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Gun violence archive. https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/. Accessed 20 Apr 2022.

Bhate T, Loh L. Building a generation of physician advocates: the case for including mandatory training in advocacy in Canadian medical school curricula. Acad Med. 2015;90:1602–6.

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Gunderman RB. Inspiring advocacy: Abraham Jacobi. Pediatr Radiol. 2020;50:164–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-019-04528-9.

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Earnest M, Wong S, Federico S. Physician advocacy: what is it and how do we do it? Acad Med. 2010;85:63–7.

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Rudolf MC, Bundle A, Damman A, et al. Exploring the scope for advocacy by paediatricians. Arch Dis Child. 1999;81(6):515–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.81.6.515.

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What is Trauma-Informed Care? In: Trauma-informed care implementation resource center by Center for Health Care Strategies. https://www.traumainformedcare.chcs.org/what-is-trauma-informed-care/. Accessed 20 June 2022.

Monuteaux MC, Azrael D, Miller M. Association of increased safe household firearm storage with firearm suicide and unintentional death among US youths. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(7):657–62. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1078.

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Sathya C, Kapoor S. Universal screening for firearm injury risk could reduce healthcare’s hesitancy in talking to patients about firearm safety. Ann Surg Open. 2022;3(1):e121. https://doi.org/10.1097/AS9.0000000000000121

Bhalakia AM, DeMello A, Beckworth K, Johnson B, Naik-Mathuria B. Pediatric providers’ knowledge, attitudes, practice, and barriers to firearms safety counseling. South Med J. 2021;114(10):636–9.

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Price JH, Conley PM, Oden L. Training in firearm safety counseling in pediatric residency programs. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(3):306–10.

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McKay S, Bagg M, Patnaik A, Topolski N, Ibraheim MK, Zhao N, Aitken ME. Addressing firearm safety counseling: integration of a multidisciplinary workshop in a pediatric residency program. J Grad Med Educ. 2020;12(5):591–7. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-19-00947.

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Johnson BJ, Beckworth K, Bhalakia A, Demello A, Naik-Mathuria B. Implementation of a firearm safety program for pediatric providers. J Pediatr Surg. 2022;57:1622–1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.07.016

Rickert CG, Felopulos G, Shoults B, et al. Development and implementation of a novel case-based gun violence prevention training program for first-year residents [published online ahead of print, 2022 Mar 29]. Acad Med. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000004656

Johnson BL, Chen PV, Beckworth KL, et al. The American Academy of Pediatrics firearm safety infographic improves firearm safety guidance: a qualitative study. J Pediatr Surg. 2022;57:1630–1636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.08.021

Hogan AH, Gadun A, Borrup K, et al. Assessing the effect of electronic medical record note template on firearm access screening in high-risk children. Hosp Pediatr. 2022;12:e278–e282. https://doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2022-006515

Chong VE, Smith R, Garcia A, et al. Hospital-centered violence intervention programs: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Am J Surg. 2015;209(4):597–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2014.11.003.

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Mercer JL, Reigle JA, Jenkins PM, et al. Use of an electronic referral application to address post-injury needs of victims of firearm injury in a hospital-based violence intervention program. Violence Vict. 2022;37(2):294–302. https://doi.org/10.1891/VV-D-20-00217.

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Watkins J, Scoggins N, Cheaton BM, et al. Assessing improvements in emergency department referrals to a hospital-based violence intervention program. Inj Epidemiol. 2021;8(Suppl 1):44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-021-00333-x.

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Simonetti JA, Rowhani-Rahbar A, King C, Bennett E, Rivara FP. Evaluation of a community-based safe firearm and ammunition storage intervention. Inj Prev. 2018;24(3):218–23. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042292.

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Neufeld MY, Janeway MG, Lee SY, et al. Utilization of mental health services in pediatric patients surviving penetrating trauma resulting from interpersonal violence. Am J Surg. 2021;221(1):233–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.06.031.

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Donnelly KA, Patel SJ, Goyal MK. Never just a shot in the dark: pediatric firearm advocacy. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2020;21(2):100777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpem.2020.100777. This article is a nice summary of how and why physicians should be advocates for pediatric firearm injury, from the perspective of pediatric emergency medicine, who, like trauma surgeons, are also front-line physician providers for injured children

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Keepnews DM. Developing a policy brief. Policy Polit Nurs Pract. 2016;17(2):61–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154416660670.

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Rathore MH. Physician gag laws and gun safety. AMA J Ethics. 2014;16:284–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2014.16.4.pfor2-1404.

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