Yuen MF, Chen DS, Dusheiko GM et al (2018) Hepatitis B virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 4:18035

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jieanu CF, Ungureanu BS, Sandulescu DL et al (2015) Quantification of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Med Life 8:285–290

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen J, Yu S, Lang Z et al (2023) Development and validation of a potential biomarker to improve the assessment of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Med Virol 95:e28239

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang C, Zheng L, Li Y et al (2022) Noninvasive Assessment of Liver Fibrosis and Inflammation in Chronic Hepatitis B: A Dual-task Convolutional Neural Network (DtCNN) Model Based on Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography. J Clin Transl Hepatol 10:1077–1085

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liao MJ, Li J, Dang W et al (2022) Novel index for the prediction of significant liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B patients in China. World J Gastroenterol 28:3503–3513

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang J, Gu J, Wang H et al (2022) Fc receptor-like 5 gene polymorphisms and mRNA expression are associated with liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B. Front Microbiol 13:988464

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bui HH, Vo VH, Nguyen CD, Phan ST, Quach PT, Nguyen DB (2022) Diagnostic Performance of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging in Evaluating Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study. Indian J Radiol Imaging 32:287–293

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meng F, Zheng Y, Zhang Q et al (2015) Noninvasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using real-time tissue elastography and transient elastography (FibroScan). J Ultrasound Med 34:403–410

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ye Z, Song B, Lee PM, Ohliger MA, Laustsen C (2022) Hyperpolarized carbon 13 MRI in liver diseases: Recent advances and future opportunities. Liver Int 42:973–983

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Poilil Surendran S, George Thomas R, Moon MJ et al (2020) Effect of hepato-toxins in the acceleration of hepatic fibrosis in hepatitis B mice. PLoS ONE 15:e0232619

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thomas RG, Moon MJ, Kim JH, Lee JH, Jeong YY (2015) Effectiveness of Losartan-Loaded Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Micelles for the Reduction of Advanced Hepatic Fibrosis in C3H/HeN Mice Model. PLoS ONE 10:e0145512

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kornek M, Raskopf E, Guetgemann I et al (2006) Combination of systemic thioacetamide (TAA) injections and ethanol feeding accelerates hepatic fibrosis in C3H/He mice and is associated with intrahepatic up regulation of MMP-2, VEGF and ICAM-1. J Hepatol 45:370–376

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moon CM, Oh CH, Ahn KY et al (2017) Metabolic biomarkers for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high-fat diet: In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] pyruvate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 482:112–119

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moon CM, Shin SS, Lim NY et al (2018) Metabolic alterations in a rat model of hepatic ischaemia reperfusion injury: In vivo hyperpolarized (13) C MRS and metabolic imaging. Liver Int 38:1117–1127

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moon CM, Shin SS, Heo SH et al (2019) Metabolic Changes in Different Stages of Liver Fibrosis: In vivo Hyperpolarized (13)C MR Spectroscopy and Metabolic Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 21:842–851

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moon CM, Kim YH, Ahn YK, Jeong MH, Jeong GW (2019) Metabolic alterations in acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and necrosis using in vivo hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] pyruvate MR spectroscopy. Sci Rep 9:18427

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Crane JC, Olson MP, Nelson SJ (2013) SIVIC: Open-Source, Standards-Based Software for DICOM MR Spectroscopy Workflows. Int J Biomed Imaging 2013:169526

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nguyen NT, Rasanjala ONMD, Park I (2022) Optimization of Scan Parameters for in vivo Hyperpolarized Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging. Investig Magn Reson Imaging 26:125–134

Article  Google Scholar 

Batts KP, Ludwig J (1995) Chronic hepatitis. An update on terminology and reporting. Am J Surg Pathol 19:1409–1417

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yu L, Zeng Z, Tan H et al (2022) Significant metabolic alterations in patients with hepatitis B virus replication observed via serum untargeted metabolomics shed new light on hepatitis B virus infection. J Drug Target 30:442–449

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Darpolor MM, Yen YF, Chua MS et al (2011) In vivo MRSI of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate metabolism in rat hepatocellular carcinoma. NMR Biomed 24:506–513

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nie Y, Liu LX, Chen T, Zhang Y, Zhu X (2021) Serum lactate level predicts 6-months mortality in patients with hepatitis B virus-related decompensated cirrhosis: a retrospective study. Epidemiol Infect 149:e26

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Doherty JR, Cleveland JL (2013) Targeting lactate metabolism for cancer therapeutics. J Clin Invest 123:3685–3692

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wan Q, Wang Y, Tang H (2017) Quantitative (13)C Traces of Glucose Fate in Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Hepatocytes. Anal Chem 89:3293–3299

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diaz O, Vidalain PO, Ramiere C, Lotteau V, Perrin-Cocon L (2022) What role for cellular metabolism in the control of hepatitis viruses? Front Immunol 13:1033314

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Masson JJ, Billings HW, Palmer CS (2017) Metabolic reprogramming during hepatitis B disease progression offers novel diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. Antivir Chem Chemother 25:53–57

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Constantinou MA, Theocharis SE, Mikros E (2007) Application of metabonomics on an experimental model of fibrosis and cirrhosis induced by thioacetamide in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 218:11–19

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Waters NJ, Waterfield CJ, Farrant RD, Holmes E, Nicholson JK (2005) Metabonomic deconvolution of embedded toxicity: application to thioacetamide hepato- and nephrotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 18:639–654

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME, Yudkoff M et al (2001) Alanine metabolism in the perfused rat liver. Studies with (15)N. J Biol Chem 276:31876–31882

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee DY, Kim EH (2019) Therapeutic Effects of Amino Acids in Liver Diseases: Current Studies and Future Perspectives. J Cancer Prev 24:72–78

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

KimFlammDiBisceglieBodenheimer WRSLAMHC, Public Policy Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver D (2008) Serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as an indicator of health and disease. Hepatology 47:1363–1370