*Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT

†Department of Surgery, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Boston, MA

‡Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT

§Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT

∥Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT

¶Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT

#Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY

D.B. and P.D.B. contributed equally to this study.

M.N. and D.B. had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. M.N., D.B., and P.D.B.: concept and design. All authors: acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data, drafting of the manuscript, critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, and administrative, technical, or material support. M.N.: statistical analysis. M.N., L.G., and D.B.: obtained funding. D.B. and P.B.: supervision.

This work is supported by the National Institute of Health: NIGMS grant T32GM136651 (M.N. and L.G.), NIAID grant F30AI157227 (M.N.), NHLBI grant F30HL156469 (L.G.), NHLBI grants R01HL144476 and R01HL162580 (A.D.), and NIGMS grant R01GM137411 (D.B.).

The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

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