Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, Anstee QM, Targher G, Romero-Gomez M, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol. 2020;73:202–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chan KE, Koh TJL, Tang ASP, Quek J, Yong JN, Tay P, et al. Global Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Metabolic-associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of 10 739 607 Individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107:2691–700.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2016;64:73–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schuppan D, Schattenberg JM. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: pathogenesis and novel therapeutic approaches. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28(Suppl 1):68–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reddy JK, Hashimoto T. Peroxisomal beta-oxidation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha: an adaptive metabolic system. Annu Rev Nutr. 2001;21:193–230. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.21.1.193.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sinha RA, Singh BK, Yen PM. Direct effects of thyroid hormones on hepatic lipid metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14:259–69.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chung GE, Kim D, Kim W, Yim JY, Park MJ, Kim YJ, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease across the spectrum of hypothyroidism. J Hepatol. 2012;57:150–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bano A, Chaker L, Plompen EP, Hofman A, Dehghan A, Franco OH, et al. Thyroid Function and the Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Rotterdam Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:3204–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gu Y, Wu X, Zhang Q, Liu L, Meng G, Wu H, et al. High-Normal Thyroid Function Predicts Incident Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Among Middle-Aged and Older Euthyroid Subjects. J Gerontol Ser A, Biol Sci Med Sci. 2022;77:197–203.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Laclaustra M, Moreno-Franco B, Lou-Bonafonte JM, Mateo-Gallego R, Casasnovas JA, Guallar-Castillon P, et al. Impaired Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones Is Associated With Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:303–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cappelli C, Rotondi M, Pirola I, Agosti B, Gandossi E, Valentini U, et al. TSH-lowering effect of metformin in type 2 diabetic patients: differences between euthyroid, untreated hypothyroid, and euthyroid on L-T4 therapy patients. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1589–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yagi H, Pohlenz J, Hayashi Y, Sakurai A, Refetoff S. Resistance to thyroid hormone caused by two mutant thyroid hormone receptors beta, R243Q and R243W, with marked impairment of function that cannot be explained by altered in vitro 3,5,3’-triiodothyroinine binding affinity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1608–14.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res. 2012;64:1431–46.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Meyhöfer S, Eckert AJ, Hummel M, Laimer M, Roden M, Kress S, et al. Elevated liver enzymes and comorbidities in type 2 diabetes: A multicentre analysis of 51 645 patients from the Diabetes Prospective Follow-up (DPV) database. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24:727–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eslam M, Ahmed A, Després JP, Jha V, Halford JCG, Wei Chieh JT, et al. Incorporating fatty liver disease in multidisciplinary care and novel clinical trial designs for patients with metabolic diseases. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6:743–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(21)00132-1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alharthi J, Gastaldelli A, Cua IH, Ghazinian H, Eslam M. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a year in review. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2022;38:251–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin S, Huang J, Wang M, Kumar R, Liu Y, Liu S, et al. Comparison of MAFLD and NAFLD diagnostic criteria in real world. Liver Int. 2020;40:2082–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Piantanida E, Ippolito S, Gallo D, Masiello E, Premoli P, Cusini C, et al. The interplay between thyroid and liver: implications for clinical practice. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43:885–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ritter MJ, Amano I, Hollenberg AN. Thyroid Hormone Signaling and the Liver. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2020;72:742–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Souza LL, Nunes MO, Paula GS, Cordeiro A, Penha-Pinto V, Neto JF, et al. Effects of dietary fish oil on thyroid hormone signaling in the liver. J Nutr Biochem. 2010;21:935–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duntas LH. Thyroid disease and lipids. Thyroid. 2002;12:287–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cachefo A, Boucher P, Vidon C, Dusserre E, Diraison F, Beylot M. Hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis in hyperthyroid patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:5353–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Tienhoven-Wind LJ, Dullaart RP. Low-normal thyroid function and novel cardiometabolic biomarkers. Nutrients. 2015;7:1352–77.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Muci MR, Gnoni GV. Short-term effects of triiodothyronine on exogenous and de novo synthesized fatty acids in rat hepatocytes. Biochem Int. 1991;25:807–13.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li QL, Yamamoto N, Inoue A, Morisawa S. Fatty acyl-CoAs are potent inhibitors of the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor in vitro. J Biochem. 1990;107:699–702.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luongo C, Dentice M, Salvatore D. Deiodinases and their intricate role in thyroid hormone homeostasis. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15:479–88.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maheshwari A, Thuluvath PJ. Endocrine diseases and the liver. Clin Liver Dis. 2011;15:55–67.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fan H, Liu Z, Zhang X, Wu S, Shi T, Zhang P, et al. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Levels Are Associated With Genetically Predicted Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107:2522–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim D, Kim W, Joo SK, Bae JM, Kim JH, Ahmed A. Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Low-Normal Thyroid Function Are Associated With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:123-131.e1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Wang W, Yu X, Qi X. Thyroid Function and Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Euthyroid Subjects. Ann Hepatol. 2018;17:779–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cordeiro A, Souza LL, Einicker-Lamas M, Pazos-Moura CC. Non-classic thyroid hormone signalling involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. J Endocrinol. 2013;216:R47-57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sinha RA, Singh BK, Yen PM. Thyroid hormone regulation of hepatic lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2014;25:538–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar